Break Reduction/Life Extension Program for Cast and Ductile Iron Water Mains

Gehring, G A; Lindemuth, Dale; Young, Walter T.

doi:10.1061/40690(2003)30

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Other factors have been speculated to play a role in service line corrosion and galvanic impacts arising from lead:copper connections. For instance, copper and lead pipe sections are cathodic to iron water mains, which imply that lead connections to unlined iron might be cathodically protected from corrosion (Clark et al , 2013), consistent with other anecdotal field evidence suggesting that iron mains cathodically protect copper service lines when they are directly connected in the distribution system (Gehring et al , 2003 ; Rajani and Kleiner, 2003 ). It is hypothetically possible that an iron main coupled to a lead service line could provide cathodic protection to the lead or, possibly, eliminate galvanic corrosion of the lead in a partial pipe replacement if unlined iron mains are present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Long-Term Behavior of Simulated Partial Lead Service Line Replacements

Clair

Cartier²,

Triantafyllidou

et al. 2016

Environmental Engineering Science

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In this 48-month pilot study, long-term impacts of copper:lead galvanic connections on lead release to water were assessed without confounding differences in pipe exposure prehistory or disturbances arising from cutting lead pipe. Lead release was tracked from three lead service line configurations, including (1) 100% lead, (2) traditional partial replacement with 50% copper upstream of 50% lead, and (3) 50% lead upstream of 50% copper as a function of flow rate, connection types, and sampling methodologies. Elevated lead from galvanic corrosion worsened with time, with 140% more lead release from configurations representing traditional partial replacement configurations at 14 months compared to earlier data in the first 8 months. Even when sampled consistently at moderate flow rate (8 LPM) and collecting all water passing through service lines, conditions representing traditional partial service line configurations were significantly worse (≈40%) when compared to 100% lead pipe. If sampled at a high flow rate (32 LPM) and collecting 2 L samples from service lines, 100% of samples collected from traditional partial replacement configurations exceeded thresholds posing an acute health risk versus a 0% risk for samples from 100% lead pipe. Temporary removal of lead accumulations near Pb:Cu junctions and lead deposits from other downstream plastic pipes reduced risk of partial replacements relative to that observed for 100% lead. When typical brass compression couplings were used to connect prepassivated lead pipes, lead release spiked up to 10 times higher, confirming prior concerns raised at bench and field scale regarding adverse impacts of crevices and service line disturbances on lead release. To quantify semirandom particulate lead release from service lines in future research, whole-house filters have many advantages compared to other approaches.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Long-Term Behavior of Simulated Partial Lead Service Line Replacements

Clair

Cartier²,

Triantafyllidou

et al. 2016

Environmental Engineering Science

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“…Contact of dissimilar metals and resulting galvanic corrosion is a common cause of failure in water mains, service lines, and premise plumbing (Gehring et al, 2003; Romer & Bell, 2001; Holler, 1974). In service lines and premise plumbing, galvanic connections of primary concern are between copper, lead, and galvanized iron.…”

Section: Issues Associated With Unbridged Dielectrics and Related Effmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Galvanic corrosion Stops galvanic current Less noble metal (e.g., iron main) no longer serves as sacrificial anode to more noble metal (e.g, copper service line) Ferguson & Nicholas, 1991;Gehring et al, 2003;Horton, 1995;O'Day, 1989;Rajani & Kleiner, 2003 Thawing of frozen pipes in cold environments None Electrical currents cannot be used to thaw pipes connected with dielectrics Nelson, 1976 Grounding to prevent electrocution and meet plumbing code…”

Section: Benefit Of Dielectric Hypothesized Detriment Of Dielectric Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have also been concerns that placing a dielectric between copper service lines and iron distribution mains to prevent galvanic corrosion of iron might hinder cathodic protection of the valuable copper service lines and increase copper failure rates (Horton, 1995; Ferguson & Nicholas, 1991). Obviously, any potential benefit of preventing galvanic corrosion must be weighed against a more rapid localized attack of the iron mains at copper service line connections; however, no cost–benefit analysis of these tradeoffs has ever been conducted (Gehring et al, 2003; Rajani & Kleiner, 2003; O’Day, 1989). Finally, in at least some cases, installation of dielectrics on lines carrying alternating/direct stray currents can induce corrosion and cause elevated iron, lead, and copper in water (Bell & Duranceau, 2002; Horton, 1995).…”

Section: Issues Associated With Unbridged Dielectrics and Related Effmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Issues associated with use of dielectrics in drinking water systems

Clair¹,

Edwards

2014

Journal AWWA

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Performance of dielectric configurations to reduce corrosion while meeting electrical codes in premise plumbing was examined and ranked as follows: bridged plastic pipe section > dielectric nipple > dielectric union > brass nipple ≈ dielectric spacer. When dielectrics were bridged with a grounding strap, the primary factor affecting galvanic performance was separation distance between the anodic and cathodic metal; however, some dielectrics offered other important advantages such as greater corrosion allowances (i.e., wall thickness) or reduced likelihood of clogging as a result of scale buildup (i.e., higher cross‐sectional flow area). Although bridged dielectrics do not completely stop galvanic corrosion, they can dramatically reduce galvanic corrosion while maintaining electrical continuity (satisfying electrical grounding requirements) between pipe sections.

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Break Reduction/Life Extension Program for Cast and Ductile Iron Water Mains

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Long-Term Behavior of Simulated Partial Lead Service Line Replacements

Long-Term Behavior of Simulated Partial Lead Service Line Replacements

Issues associated with use of dielectrics in drinking water systems

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