Breaching Boundaries in Muslim and Christian Tourism from Indonesia to Israel and Palestine

Abstract

Studies on tourism and pilgrimage show that spatial mobility, including transregional travel, mostly confirms and strengthens tourists’ and pilgrims’ social identities and symbolic boundaries between Self and Other. However, in guided religious package tours from Indonesia to Israel and Palestine, experiences with spatial boundaries do affect the Muslim and Christian pilgrims, adding more nuances to socio-cultural boundary-making. This complex making and breaching of boundaries relates to inner-Indonesian religious dynamics. Among both Muslim and Christian Indonesians, references to the Middle East express not only transregional solidarity but also multifarious orientations in inter and intra-religious relations within Indonesia. Among Indonesian Muslims, some orthodox Muslims’ orientations towards the Middle East as the birthplace of Islam are contested but also combined with indigenous Islamic traditions. Similar to these intra-Muslim frictions, members of Indonesia's Christian minority experience fissures in the expressions of local and global Christian identities. This article analyses how symbolic, social, and spatial boundaries are maintained and breached in transregional tourism from Indonesia to the Middle East.

Philosophical Baseline of the Religious Pilgrimage and Its Significance for Dialogue among Religions

“…The study of Guyette (2017) and Pratt & Marsh (2020) explained that solidarity in the pilgrimage phenomenon becomes a personality transformation, namely the awareness of obtaining individual calm into consciousness to put the interests of the group first (Guyette, 2017;Pratt & Marsh, 2020). In the study of Lücking (2021) and several other researchers, this transformation becomes a binding rope between different groups and breaches the boundaries openly for social and religious groups located in different regions (Atkinson, 2009;Kalarikkal, 2020;Lücking, 2021;Raj, 2002;Yan, 2018).…”

“…The study of the Muslim experience in pilgrimage focuses on aspects of Sufism and its associated sites (L. Peters, 2008;Piraino, 2017). Then another study relevant to interfaith in the context of pilgrimage explains the social orientations of pilgrimage related to the spirit of establishing interfaith relations (Kuriakose, 2018;Lücking, 2021;Nakasone, 2013;Nambiaparambil, 2008). Then a study by Patwardhan (2020) informed that the phenomenon of pilgrimage gives the power to establish strong solidarity among the pilgrims and the place they are visiting.…”