Brazilian version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (B-PAID): Validation and identification of individuals at high risk for emotional distress

Diabetes education in primary care: a randomized clinical trial

“…Physical activity was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): and individuals were classified as highly active, minimally active, or inactive (sedentary) 10 . Psychological impact of diabetes mellitus was evaluated by the 20-item Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire 11 , with scores varying from 0 to 100; a higher score means greater impact of diabetes mellitus on the patient's life. The IPAQ was applied at baseline and months 4, 8, and 12, and the PAID questionnaire at baseline and 12 months.…”

A randomised trial comparing low-fat diets differing in carbohydrate and protein ratio, combined with regular moderate intensity exercise, on glycaemic control, cardiometabolic risk factors, food cravings, cognitive function and psychological wellbeing in adults with type 2 diabetes: Study protocol

“…PAID is a reliable and validated questionnaire [45] which measures diabetes-specific emotional distress related to living with and managing diabetes including guilt, fear, anger, depressed mood and worry [46]. Participants answer 20 questions using a Likert scale with for greater diabetes related distress [47].…”

Qualidade de vida, conhecimento e atitude após programa educativo para Diabetes

“…For the analysis of the results it has a cutoff score of 40, with values equal to or higher indicating high degree of emotional distress. (12) Knowledge can be defined as a set of information that the individual needs to learn to manage their health condition. (16) To assess the knowledge, we used the Diabetes Knowledge Scale (DKN-A).…”

“…We considered as a basis for calculating the maximum standard deviation obtained in specific instrument validation process used in this study to assess QOL. (12) The minimum sample consisted of 110 individuals, however, considering possible losses, a final sample of 122 individuals was established. For the study, the inclusion criteria were established: being 18 years or older, having the cognitive ability to understand and answer the questions of data collection instruments and living in the metropolitan area of Aracaju.…”

“…(15) The specific instrument to assess QOL was the Brazilian version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (B-PAID), composed of 20 questions that report emotional problems caused by the disease. (12) The scores are transformed on a scale from 0 to 100, where the maximum score is configured as greater suffering. The total score is obtained by adding the responses of 20 items of PAID multiplying by 1.25.…”