Brazilian vegetarians diet quality markers and comparison with the general population: A nationwide cross-sectional study

Hargreaves, Shila Minari; Araújo, Wilma Maria Coelho; Nakano, Eduardo Yoshio; Zandonadi, Renata Puppin

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232954

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Another factor was the use of social networks to disseminate the research questionnaire. Other nationwide surveys in Brazil from our institution/research groups, released through web-base, also observed greater access by higher economic classes compared to the national average [45,46]. Therefore, it is not possible to extrapolate our results to the entire Brazilian adult population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (CaffEQ-BR)

et al. 2020

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Caffeine is the world’s most commonly used stimulant of the central nervous system. Caffeine is present in coffee and other beverages such as tea, soft drinks, and cocoa-based foods. The caffeine expectancy questionnaire was developed to investigate the effects of caffeine expectations and thus contribute to knowledge about its usage and subjective effects (response expectancies). This study aimed to evaluate caffeine expectation psychometrically in a sample of the Brazilian population. The original version of the “Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (CaffEQ)” was translated and validated into Brazilian-Portuguese and adapted to Brazilian culture to be used in the Brazilian adult (19–59 y) population. After the translation and back-translation processes of the original CaffEQ questionnaire, the content and semantic validation were performed by a group of experts. The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the questionnaire consists of 47 items, in seven factors, which assess subjective perceptions about the effects of caffeine. Interobserver reproducibility and internal consistency of the questionnaire were tested with a convenience sample (n = 50) of Brazilian adult consumers of caffeine sources, who completed the Brazilian CaffEQ (CaffEQ-BR) on two occasions separated by 24 h. All of the 47 questions were adequate regarding reliability, clarity, and comprehension. Psychometric properties could be replicated consistently. Appropriate internal consistency and validation were confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha (α) 0.948, and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.976 was observed. The CaffEQ-BR was applied using a web-based platform to a convenience sample of Brazilian adults from all 27 Brazilian states (n = 4202 participants), along with measures of sociodemographic and caffeine consumption data. Factor validity was verified by confirmatory factor analysis. The seven factors presented a good fit for Root Mean Square Error of Approximation—RMSEA = 0.0332 (95% CI: 0.0290–0.0375). By confirming the validity and reliability of CaffEQ-BR, a useful tool is now available to assess caffeine expectations in the Brazilian adult population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (CaffEQ-BR)

et al. 2020

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“…Our sample consisted mainly of females and young-age individuals, which can also be considered a limitation, as it is not possible to extrapolate data to all vegetarians in Brazil. However, other studies have already demonstrated that most vegetarians are women and younger than omnivores or semi-vegetarians [ 31 , 33 ]. Finally, the length of time during which the research was conducted (from July to October 2020) could influence the results, due to the very dynamic characteristic of the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality of Life of Vegetarians during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil

et al. 2021

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Health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic can negatively impact quality of life (QoL) due to higher levels of stress, social isolation, and uncertainties. In this scenario, distinct population groups might react differently. Vegetarians, who follow a non-conventional dietary pattern, could be more vulnerable to the abrupt changes in normal life routine and economic instability. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating if the current pandemic situation somehow affected vegetarians’ QoL. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Brazil between 28 July and 14 September 2020 to evaluate the QoL in vegetarians during the pandemic period. Vegetarian adults replied to an online survey that included the VEGQOL and WHOQOL-BREF instruments to evaluate QoL and questions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 1282 individuals participated. Only 3.8% had tested positive for COVID-19, but 39.9% affirmed having a family member who tested positive for the disease. Almost half (46.3%) of the sample had an income drop due to the pandemic. Results of QoL scores in the different subcategories of vegetarians were similar to previously published data. Individuals who had already tested positive for COVID-19 had lower QoL scores than those who did not test positive, but only in the VEGQOL. QoL was lower for the participants who declared that Sars-Cov-2 had already infected a family member for almost all the parameters evaluated. On the other hand, an income drop affected QoL only partially. Studying how vegetarians are influenced by such conditions contributes to the generation of relevant data that can be used to support healthcare and public policies in the future.

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“…The dietary intakes evaluated by the VIGITEL questionnaire includes questions on how often respondents consume beans, fruits, vegetables, milk, meats, processed foods, and sugary and non-sugary soft drinks. The VIGITEL is already validated for online use [ 27 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating Competence Associated with Food Consumption and Health Outcomes among Brazilian Adult Population

et al. 2020

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This study aimed to associate Eating Competence (EC) with food consumption and health outcomes in the Brazilian adult population. Researchers developed a questionnaire to associate EC with sociodemographic information, health outcomes, and food consumption. Data on body weight and height was referred to by participants in the questionnaire, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated and classified. A question to evaluate the perception of body size was included. After constructing the questionnaire items, content validation and semantic evaluation were performed following the Delphi method with a group of judges composed of 26 health professionals. The judges evaluated the sociodemographic information, health outcomes, and food consumption items associated with the eating competence instrument (previously validated in Brazilian-Portuguese). The final version of the questionnaire was composed of 33 items. Our results confirmed good reliability, responsiveness, and internal consistency. A total of 1810 Brazilians answered the questionnaire. Most of the participants were female, up to 40 years old, with a high education level and high income. Most of the participants did not report diabetes or hypertension. The EC total score did not differ among males and females. Individuals up to 40 years old presented a lower total score. The increase in educational level and income also increased EC total score. Excess weight individuals showed lower EC compared to the normal weight/underweight. Individuals who consumed fruits and/or vegetables five or more days/week presented the best scores for total EC.

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Brazilian vegetarians diet quality markers and comparison with the general population: A nationwide cross-sectional study

Cited by 18 publications

References 60 publications

Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (CaffEQ-BR)

Translation and Validation of the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire in Brazil (CaffEQ-BR)

Quality of Life of Vegetarians during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil

Eating Competence Associated with Food Consumption and Health Outcomes among Brazilian Adult Population

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