“…In 2000, approximately 1300 m 3 of the marine fuel MF380 was released into the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, after the pipeline ruptured at the Duque de Caxias Refinery. The oil was transported by tidal current and wind, was spread over the water, and reached islands, beaches and mangroves (Meniconi et al, 2002). Mangrove plants are highly vulnerable to oil spills, suffering both lethal and sublethal effects from oil exposure (Noaa, 2010).…”