Brazil nut stock and harvesting at different spatial scales in southeastern Amazonia

Ribeiro, Maria Beatriz Nogueira; Jerozolimski, Adriano; Robert, Pascale de; Magnusson, William E.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.02.005

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Despite the large quantities of Brazil nuts collected, the Kayapó have only harvested a small proportion (∼7% to 43%) of the total seed production of harvested groves in the recent years [21], which is lower than the levels of harvesting described as sustainable in other studies [17], [19]. In fact, it has been suggested that even high levels of fruit or seed harvesting of some trees may allow persistence of the species in the area over the long term [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Anthropogenic Landscape in Southeastern Amazonia: Contemporary Impacts of Low-Intensity Harvesting and Dispersal of Brazil Nuts by the Kayapó Indigenous People

Ribeiro

Jerozolimski²,

Robert

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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Brazil nut, the Bertholletia excelsa seed, is one of the most important non-timber forest products in the Amazon Forest and the livelihoods of thousands of traditional Amazonian families depend on its commercialization. B. excelsa has been frequently cited as an indicator of anthropogenic forests and there is strong evidence that past human management has significantly contributed to its present distribution across the Amazon, suggesting that low levels of harvesting may play a positive role in B. excelsa recruitment. Here, we evaluate the effects of Brazil nut harvesting by the Kayapó Indigenous people of southeastern Amazonia on seedling recruitment in 20 B. excelsa groves subjected to different harvesting intensities, and investigated if management by harvesters influences patterns of B. excelsa distribution. The number of years of low-intensity Brazil nut harvesting by the Kayapó over the past two decades was positively related to B. excelsa seedling density in groves. One of the mechanisms behind the higher seedling density in harvested sites seems to be seed dispersal by harvesters along trails. The Kayapó also intentionally plant B. excelsa seeds and seedlings across their territories. Our results show not only that low-intensity Brazil nut harvesting by the Kayapó people does not reduce recruitment of seedlings, but that harvesting and/or associated activities conducted by traditional harvesters may benefit B. excelsa beyond grove borders. Our study supports the hypothesis that B. excelsa dispersal throughout the Amazon was, at least in part, influenced by indigenous groups, and strongly suggests that current human management contributes to the maintenance and formation of B. excelsa groves. We suggest that changes in Brazil nut management practices by traditional people to prevent harvesting impacts may be unnecessary and even counterproductive in many areas, and should be carefully evaluated before implementation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Anthropogenic Landscape in Southeastern Amazonia: Contemporary Impacts of Low-Intensity Harvesting and Dispersal of Brazil Nuts by the Kayapó Indigenous People

Ribeiro

Jerozolimski²,

Robert

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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“…For example, although the harvesting of Brazil nuts has been catalogued as a ''specialized natural strategy'' (Belcher et al 2005) optimizing both development and conservation outcomes (Kusters et al 2006), and the activity has been characterized as one with a ''high potential'' for conservation-through-use (Newton 2008), these categorizations hide the large variation in socioecological and policy contexts across the Amazon basin . Brazil nut resource users are spread across different tenure types: indigenous reserves (Ribeiro et al 2014), extractive reserves (Zeidemann et al 2014) and other government-sanctioned protected areas (Duchelle et al 2014a), along with governmentsanctioned concessions (Cossio-Solano et al 2011), as well as communal and individual private property (Cronkleton and Pacheco 2010;Zenteno et al 2013;Soriano et al 2017).…”

Section: The Resource Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the ‘cornerstone of Amazonian conservation’: a socioecological assessment of Brazil nut exploitation

et al. 2017

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The Brazil nut (the seeds of the rainforest tree Bertholletia excelsa) is the only globally traded seed collected from the wild by forest-based harvesters across the Amazon basin. The large geographic scale of Brazil nut exploitation and the significant contributions to local livelihoods, national economies, and forest-based development over the last decades, merit a review of the ''conservation-through-use'' paradigm. We use Elinor Ostrom's framework for assessing sustainability in socioecological systems: (1) resource unit, (2) users, (3) governance system, and (4) resource system, to determine how different contexts and external developments generate specific conservation and development outcomes. We find that the resource unit reacts robustly to the type and level of extraction currently practiced; that resource users have built on a self-organized system that had defined boundaries and access to the resource; that linked production chains, market networks and informal financing work to supply global markets; and that local harvesters have used supporting alliances with NGOs and conservationists to formalize and secure their endogenous governance system and make it more equitable. As a result, the Brazil nut model represents a socioecological system that may not require major changes to sustain productivity. Yet since long-term Brazil nut production seems inextricably tied to a continuous forest cover, and because planted Brazil nut trees currently provide a minimal contribution to total nut production basin-wide, we call to preserve, diversify and intensify production in Brazil nut-rich forests that will inevitably become ever more integrated within human-modified landscapes over time.

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“…Its seeds are also known as the Amazonian nut, Pará nut , or Maranhão nut, and are popularly known in the international market as the Brazil nut . It is one of the most important non‐wood forest products of Brazil and is still harvested from nature and not from plantations (Ribeiro, Jerozolimski, De Robert, & Magnusson, ). It is recognized as the cornerstone of the extractive economy of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru, and its commercialization is an important source of income for indigenous and riverine families in these regions (Cotta, Kainer, Wadt, & Staudhammer, ; Ribeiro et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Brazil nut kernel oil using green solvents: Effects of the process variables in the oil yield and composition

Cornelio-Santiago

Mazalli

Rodrigues

et al. 2019

J Food Process Engineering

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The extraction efficiency of isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol was studied, and the effects of the process variables, static time (St), solvent‐to‐feed (S/F) ratio, and temperature (T) in the oil extraction yield (X0), free fatty acids (FFA) content, total phenolic content (TPC), and β‐sitosterol content were statistically investigated. The amount of solvent used (S/F) did not influence the X0, but St and T significantly influenced (p < .05) the X0. The condition that maximized the X0 (60.40%) occurred when a St of 9 min and a T of 86°C were used, and low level of FFA were observed in all oils obtained. The process variables studied did not significantly influence (p > .05) in the content of FFA (0.25–0.28%), TPC (29.10–38.47 mg GAE/kg oil), and β‐sitosterol content (9.51–40.32 mg/100 g oil). Its oil is a high source of unsaturated fatty acid. Pressurized liquid extraction is a promising technique for rapid extraction of oil including Brazil nut kernel. Its process recovered 90.58% of oil in 27 min (3 cycles for 9 min of static time). Practical Applications The optimization of pressurized green solvent extraction has been studied in order to demonstrate that this technology, even employing polar solvents, provides high yields in oil extraction. It is a technology under study that leaves no residue of toxic solvents on vegetable oils. In this study, the use of pressurized liquid extraction with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and ethyl alcohol (EtOH) as solvents was employed to extract oil from Brazil nut kernel, focusing on the oil rapid recovery as an alternative process to increase the oil yield and improve the use of non‐timber forest product of Amazon biome.

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Brazil nut stock and harvesting at different spatial scales in southeastern Amazonia

Cited by 27 publications

References 32 publications

Anthropogenic Landscape in Southeastern Amazonia: Contemporary Impacts of Low-Intensity Harvesting and Dispersal of Brazil Nuts by the Kayapó Indigenous People

Anthropogenic Landscape in Southeastern Amazonia: Contemporary Impacts of Low-Intensity Harvesting and Dispersal of Brazil Nuts by the Kayapó Indigenous People

Revisiting the ‘cornerstone of Amazonian conservation’: a socioecological assessment of Brazil nut exploitation

Extraction of Brazil nut kernel oil using green solvents: Effects of the process variables in the oil yield and composition

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