“…There has been a proliferation of research on branded apps, with a focus on issues like their effectiveness (Bellman et al, 2011), app engagement (Stocchi et al, 2018;van Berlo et al, 2019), experience (Smith & Chen, 2018), app design (Zhao & Balagué, 2015), usability (Baek & Yoo, 2018), impact (Boyd et al, 2019;Kim et al, 2015), market performance (Stocchi et al, 2017), benefits (Alnawas & Aburub, 2016), and emotional factors (Hsieh et al, 2021;Yang, 2016).…”