“…In addition, brand equity is an appropriate metric for evaluating the long-term impact of marketing decisions (Atilgan et al, 2005;Zavattaro et al, 2015;Liu and Chou, 2016). Proper management of brand equity leads to further customer loyalty and revisit intentions (Salehzadeh et al, 2016), less risk in marketing activities and crises, flexible responses to price volatility, more inter-organisational cooperation, improved effectiveness of marketing communications, better opportunities for brand reputation, higher attractiveness for investors (Aaker, 1991;Keller, 2003;Samu et al, 2012;Han et al, 2015), increased profit margins (Kotler and Keller, 2011), more opportunities for attracting good employees (Del Vecchio et al, 2007) and higher protection against the arrival of potential competitors during outsourcing (Lim and Tan, 2009).…”