“…The state of the art assumes the importance of brand co-creation through stakeholder interaction (Sarasvuo et al , 2022; Hussain et al , 2021). This applies equally to tourism destination and place branding (Giannopoulos et al , 2021; Jain et al , 2021), considering the relevant outcome in brand equity (Buhalis and Park, 2021; Mohammadi et al , 2021). The involvement of local communities (Daldanise, 2020), particularly local residents (Braun et al , 2013; Casais and Monteiro, 2019; Rebelo et al , 2020) or employees from the local hospitality industry (Chung and Byrom, 2021) engaged in transferring their collective experiences, feelings and aspirations to the place brand (Ind et al , 2020), activates these stakeholders as ambassadors of the place marketing process (Golestaneh et al , 2021).…”