Branching of fungal hyphae: regulation, mechanisms and comparison with other branching systems

Harris, Steven D.

doi:10.3852/08-177

Cited by 153 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…Distinctions between intrinsic and extrinsic control exist not only in studies of stream networks but also in investigations of neuron dendrites (52), fungal hyphae (53), and other branching problems. Because our results show how external and internal controls can lead to quantitatively distinct geometric features, we expect that similar analyses should be of use wherever the provenance of ramification remains controversial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ramification of stream networks

Devauchelle

Petroff

Seybold

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

141

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The geometric complexity of stream networks has been a source of fascination for centuries. However, a comprehensive understanding of ramification-the mechanism of branching by which such networks grow-remains elusive. Here we show that streams incised by groundwater seepage branch at a characteristic angle of 2π/5 = 72°. Our theory represents streams as a collection of paths growing and bifurcating in a diffusing field. Our observations of nearly 5,000 bifurcated streams growing in a 100 km 2 groundwater field on the Florida Panhandle yield a mean bifurcation angle of 71.9°± 0.8°. This good accord between theory and observation suggests that the network geometry is determined by the external flow field but not, as classical theories imply, by the flow within the streams themselves.river networks | network growth | Laplacian growth

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ramification of stream networks

Devauchelle

Petroff

Seybold

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

141

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“…Hyphal morphology is dependent on growth conditions, and the ability to control tip extension and branching in response to internal and external cues should be of large adaptive value (18). Still, the regulation of polarized growth is very poorly understood in streptomycetes and fungi.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ser/Thr protein kinase AfsK regulates polar growth and hyphal branching in the filamentous bacteria Streptomyces

Hempel

Cantlay

Molle

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

155

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In cells that exhibit apical growth, mechanisms that regulate cell polarity are crucial for determination of cellular shape and for the adaptation of growth to intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Broadly conserved pathways control cell polarity in eukaryotes, but less is known about polarly growing prokaryotes. An evolutionarily ancient form of apical growth is found in the filamentous bacteria Streptomyces, and is directed by a polarisome-like complex involving the essential protein DivIVA. We report here that this bacterial polarization machinery is regulated by a eukaryotic-type Ser/Thr protein kinase, AfsK, which localizes to hyphal tips and phosphorylates DivIVA. During normal growth, AfsK regulates hyphal branching by modulating branch-site selection and some aspect of the underlying polarisome-splitting mechanism that controls branching of Streptomyces hyphae. Further, AfsK is activated by signals generated by the arrest of cell wall synthesis and directly communicates this to the polarisome by hyperphosphorylating DivIVA. Induction of high levels of DivIVA phosphorylation by using a constitutively active mutant AfsK causes disassembly of apical polarisomes, followed by establishment of multiple hyphal branches elsewhere in the cell, revealing a profound impact of this kinase on growth polarity. The function of AfsK is reminiscent of the phoshorylation of polarity proteins and polarisome components by Ser/Thr protein kinases in eukaryotes.hyphal growth | protein phosphorylation | peptidoglycan | cytoskeleton | tip extension

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“…In septum-forming fungi, the branching event occurs just after septation and starts with the generation of a new polarity axis, followed by the recruitment of the morphogenetic machinery to induce branch emergence. In N. crassa, the characteristic pod proteins (pod4/5/8) are required for branch formation, but interestingly, they have no obvious role in the morphogenesis of primary hyphae (8).…”

Section: Polarized Growth and The Underlying Cellular Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This pathway is responsible for polarity establishment and maintenance by the formation of a stable polarity axis that specifies the site of germ tube emergence. This positional information is generated by the recruitment of cell polarity proteins (Bud4, Axl2, swoC in Aspergillus nidulans) at the site of polarized growth (8) and then is transduced via regulatory Rho GTPases (RacA A. nidulans, CDC42 S. cerevisiae) toward the morphogenetic machinery, which is the main organizer of tipward secretion, cell wall expansion, and tip growth (1,9).…”

Section: Polarized Growth and The Underlying Cellular Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six Key Traits of Fungi: Their Evolutionary Origins and Genetic Bases

et al. 2017

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The fungal lineage is one of the three large eukaryotic lineages that dominate terrestrial ecosystems. They share a common ancestor with animals in the eukaryotic supergroup Opisthokonta and have a deeper common ancestry with plants, yet several phenotypes, such as morphological, physiological, or nutritional traits, make them unique among all living organisms. This article provides an overview of some of the most important fungal traits, how they evolve, and what major genes and gene families contribute to their development. The traits highlighted here represent just a sample of the characteristics that have evolved in fungi, including polarized multicellular growth, fruiting body development, dimorphism, secondary metabolism, wood decay, and mycorrhizae. However, a great number of other important traits also underlie the evolution of the taxonomically and phenotypically hyperdiverse fungal kingdom, which could fill up a volume on its own. After reviewing the evolution of these six well-studied traits in fungi, we discuss how the recurrent evolution of phenotypic similarity, that is, convergent evolution in the broad sense, has shaped their phylogenetic distribution in extant species.

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Branching of fungal hyphae: regulation, mechanisms and comparison with other branching systems

Cited by 153 publications

References 70 publications

Ramification of stream networks

Ramification of stream networks

The Ser/Thr protein kinase AfsK regulates polar growth and hyphal branching in the filamentous bacteria Streptomyces

Six Key Traits of Fungi: Their Evolutionary Origins and Genetic Bases

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