Branched connections to the septum and to the entorhinal cortex from the hippocampus, amygdala, and diencephalon in the rat

Hippocampal Formation

“…However, most subicular neurons tend to distribute their axon to only a single target structure or to a very limited number of structures, whereas the axon of CA1 neurons collateralizes to a much larger number of brain structures (Naber and Witter, 1998;Ishizuka, 2001). The projections to the septum may be an exception to this overall rule, since quite a few studies indicate that up to 50% of subicular neurons that project to the lateral septum also project to at least one other brain area such as the EC (Swanson et al, 1981;Donovan and Wyss, 1983;Calderazzo et al, 1996). The subicular projections to the septal complex, the nucleus accumbens, the mammillary nuclei and adjacent hypothalamic regions are the most prominent ones.…”

Aversive stimulus attenuates impairment of acquisition in a delayed match to position T-maze task caused by a selective lesion of septo-hippocampal cholinergic projections

“…During stress, it is well established that epinephrine released from the adrenal cortex can result in the activation of adrenergic receptors that facilitate memory function [26,37,43]. Adrenergic receptors found on vagal afferents project to the nucleus of the solitary tract and can subsequently activate neurons that project to the amygdala [11]. The amygdala has long been associated with the acquisition of memory related to aversive stimuli [11,13,25,31,34] and the modulation of memory processes involving the hippocampus [14,27,44].…”

“…Adrenergic receptors found on vagal afferents project to the nucleus of the solitary tract and can subsequently activate neurons that project to the amygdala [11]. The amygdala has long been associated with the acquisition of memory related to aversive stimuli [11,13,25,31,34] and the modulation of memory processes involving the hippocampus [14,27,44]. Consequently, it is possible that in addition to enhancing the activity of non-cholinergic inputs to the hippocampus, administration of a mild aversive stimulus also activates parallel memory systems [29,47] that enhance performance, perhaps by strengthening the use of strategies less dependent on hippocampal cholinergic inputs.…”

Distribution of Dopamine D2-Like Receptors in the Human Thalamus: Autoradiographic and PET Studies

“…The efferent projections of different midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei are to regionally distinct regions in the forebrain Groenewegen, 1990, 1991;Krout et al, 2002;Moga et al, 1995;Su and Bentivoglio, 1990), and relatively few of the neurons in these nuclei collateralizing to innervate multiple targets Calderazzo et al, 1996). Among the projection targets of the midline/intralaminar nuclei are distinct territories in the striatal complex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus ( Berendse and Groenewegen, 1990; Bubser and Deutch, 1998;Calderazzo et al, 1996;Jayaraman, 1985). These areas also all receive DA inputs from the midbrain (Deutch et al, 1988, Moore andBloom, 1978;Swanson, 1982).…”