Branched-chain Sugars and Sugar Alcohols

Beck, Erwin; Hopf, Herbert

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-461012-5.50013-6

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…The pr-esent data support the suggestion that hamamelitol may function as a compatible solute in leaves of Primula clusiana grown at low temperatur-e (Beck & Hopf 1990). Low-temperature stress conditions in plants often have an associated component of drought sti-ess (see e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Hamamelitol is one of a str-ucturally related group of compounds including harrramelose (2-C-hydr-oxyrnethylribose), car-boxyar-abinltol (2-C-hydr-oxymethyl-ribonic acid) and carboxyar-abinitol I-phosphate (2-C-hydr-()xymethyl-ribonie aeid 2'-phosphate; for review, see Beck & Hopf 1990). Harnarnelose, carboxyar-abinilol and car-boxyarabinitol 1-phosphate oceur in leaves of most higher …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hatiiatnelitol is thought to occur outside the chlot-oplast (Beck 1982), but its pt-ecise locatioti i.s unktiown. Beck & Hopf (1990) have suggested that hatnatnelitol tnay futiction as a coti-tpatible solute, in which case it tnust occur at substantial levels in the tnesophyll cytoplastn. Thetefore, iti this study we tneasured the leaf levels and intracellular distribution of hatnatnelitol after a long-tertn water stress treattnent of English ivy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In /-". chisiatta, the increased leaf hamamelitol during plant growth at low temperature has been suggested to function as a compatible solute helping to maintain prolein stability (Beck & Hopf 1990).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Function of leaf hamamelitol as a compatible solute during water stress treatment of Hedera helix L.

Moore

Talbot

Seemann

1997

Plant Cell & Environment

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Hamamelitol is an unasual branched-chain sugar alcohol previously suggested to function as a leaf compatible solute. In tbis study, we bave examined tbe leaf metabolism and intracellular compartmentalization of bamamelitol and otber soluble sugars during long-term water stress treatment o[ Hedera helix (Englisb ivy). Total leaf bamamelitol content was relatively low in greenbouse control plants, but increased 2-lbld during water stress treatment to levels approaching tho.se observed in fieldgrown plants (6-7 /jmol g"' fresb weigbt). Using density gradient fractionation witb non-aqueous solvents, we sbowed tbat bamamelitol occurs primarily in tbe cytoplasm and vacuoles of leaf mesopbyll cells. During water stress treatment most of tbe increase in leaf bamamelitol occurred in tbe mesopbyll cytoplasm, compensating osmotically for a decrease in cytoplasmic sucrose concentration. The maximum concentration of cytoplasmic bamamelitol was 155 mol m"^ and occurred in field-grown plants. Labelling experiments sbowed tbat bamamelitol is slowly syntbesized from '''COj in leaves of //. helix., but is very long-lived (estimated t^^ ot 4 years). Togetber, tbese data indicate tbat bamamelitol probably functions during long-term stress conditions as an osmotically active, compatible solute in plant leaves. We sugge.st that tbe signal for enhanced accumulation of hamamelitol during the water .stress treatment was initiated by decreased plant growtb and increased leaf sucrose bydrolysis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Function of leaf hamamelitol as a compatible solute during water stress treatment of Hedera helix L.

Moore

Talbot

Seemann

1997

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…In vascular plants, at least 1,200 of these metabolites have been reported to contain an apiose (1). These apiose-containing compounds include flavonoids, terpenoids, and cyanogenic glucosides (1,35,36,43). Apiosylated secondary metabolites may protect a plant from pathogens and herbivores.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of UDP-apiose Synthases from Bryophytes and Green Algae Provides Insight into the Appearance of Apiose-containing Glycans during Plant Evolution

Smith

Yang

Levy³

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Apiose is a branched monosaccharide that is present in the cell wall pectic polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan II and apiogalacturonan and in numerous plant secondary metabolites. These apiose-containing glycans are synthesized using UDPapiose as the donor. UDP-apiose (UDP-Api) together with UDPxylose is formed from UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) by UDP-Api synthase (UAS). It was hypothesized that the ability to form Api distinguishes vascular plants from the avascular plants and green algae. UAS from several dicotyledonous plants has been characterized; however, it is not known if avascular plants or green algae produce this enzyme. Here we report the identification and functional characterization of UAS homologs from avascular plants (mosses, liverwort, and hornwort), from streptophyte green algae, and from a monocot (duckweed). The recombinant UAS homologs all form UDP-Api from UDP-glucuronic acid albeit in different amounts. Apiose was detected in aqueous methanolic extracts of these plants. Apiose was detected in duckweed cell walls but not in the walls of the avascular plants and algae. Overexpressing duckweed UAS in the moss Physcomitrella patens led to an increase in the amounts of aqueous methanol-acetonitrile-soluble apiose but did not result in discernible amounts of cell wall-associated apiose. Thus, bryophytes and algae likely lack the glycosyltransferase machinery required to synthesize apiose-containing cell wall glycans. Nevertheless, these plants may have the ability to form apiosylated secondary metabolites. Our data are the first to provide evidence that the ability to form apiose existed prior to the appearance of rhamnogalacturonan II and apiogalacturonan and provide new insights into the evolution of apiose-containing glycans.

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Monosaccharides and Sugar Alcohol Analysis

Sturgeon

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Carbohydrates, including monosaccharides and sugar alcohols, are widely distributed in nature, being found in plants, animals and micro‐organisms. They occur free, or in glycosidic linkage as polysaccharides or glycoconjugates (glycoproteins and glycolipids). It is important that suitable and sensitive methods are available for the analysis of these sugars, as in many cases only very small (microgram) amounts of material may be available. Polysaccharides and glycoconjugates must first be depolymerized to produce the monosaccharides quantitatively. The total carbohydrate released in these reactions may be determined by spectrophotometric or enzymic procedures. Numerous separation and detection methods are available to measure the individual sugar components. Paper and thin‐layer chromatography were two of the earliest techniques available, giving mainly qualitative values for individual sugar components. Major advances were made first in gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) and then with various types of liquid chromatography (LC) in the separation of individual sugars. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are now two of the most commonly used techniques in sugar chromatography. Highly sophisticated detection systems, such as mass spectrometry (MS) for gas–liquid chromatographic separations, and spectrophotometric, fluorometric and electrochemical detection systems for LC of carbohydrates with suitable chromophores or fluorophores have been developed. Carbohydrates have been derivatized for use either in precolumn or postcolumn chromatography, resulting in the detection limit in the most sensitive systems approaching yoctomole levels for individual sugars.

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Branched-chain Sugars and Sugar Alcohols

Cited by 21 publications

References 169 publications

Function of leaf hamamelitol as a compatible solute during water stress treatment of Hedera helix L.

Function of leaf hamamelitol as a compatible solute during water stress treatment of Hedera helix L.

Functional Characterization of UDP-apiose Synthases from Bryophytes and Green Algae Provides Insight into the Appearance of Apiose-containing Glycans during Plant Evolution

Monosaccharides and Sugar Alcohol Analysis

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