Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and the immune response of long-distance athletes

Bassit, R A; Sawada, L A; Bacurau, Reury Fp; Navarro, Franciso; Martins, Eivor; Santos, Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli dos; Caperuto, Érico Chagas; Rogeri, Patrícia Soares; Rosa, Luís Fernando Bicudo Pereira Costa

doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00753-0

Cited by 112 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Although it was suggested that glutamine could enhance Th1-type immune response in swimmers submitted to 4 weeks of intensive training, there was no significant difference in glutamine levels between athletes who developed URT infection and those who did not (Mackinnon and Hooper, 1996). In two studies (Castell et al, 1996;Bassit et al, 2002), infection symptoms after prolonged strenuous exercise in athletes supplemented with glutamine was significantly lower than in the placebo group. The study of Castell et al (1996) included data from eight separate studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…When the data from the studies was pooled, the rate ratio for URT infections after vitamin C supplementation against placebo was 0.49 (0.34-0.71) (Figure 2). In two Nutrition and exercise-induced immunodepression A Moreira et al additional studies, symptoms of infections after glutamine or branched-chain amino acids supplementation were assessed (Castell et al, 1996;Bassit et al, 2002). Questionnaire scores included infection symptoms other than respiratory, such as gastrointestinal complaints.…”

Section: Upper Respiratory Tract Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Questionnaire scores included infection symptoms other than respiratory, such as gastrointestinal complaints. Provision of glutamine or branched-chain amino acids containing drinks decreased the incidence of infection symptoms during the week that followed different types of exhaustive exercise (Castell et al, 1996;Bassit et al, 2002) compared to placebo.…”

Section: Upper Respiratory Tract Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2006

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Background: Heavy exercise induces marked immunodepression that is multifactorial in origin. Nutrition can modulate normal immune function. Objective: To assess the efficacy of nutritional supplements in exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes. Design: Systematic review. Review methods: Randomised and/or controlled trials of athletes undertaking nutritional supplements to minimise the immunodepression after exercise were retrieved. The primary outcome measure was incidence of upper respiratory tract (URT) illness symptoms after exercise, and secondary outcomes included cortisol, cell counts, plasma cytokine concentration, cell proliferative response, oxidative burst, natural killer cell activity and immunoglobulins. When data were available for a pooled estimate of the effect of intervention, meta-analyses were conducted for direct comparisons. Results: Forty-five studies were included (1603 subjects). The studies were heterogeneous in terms of exercise interventions, selection of athletes, settings and outcomes. The overall methodological quality of most of the trials was poor. Twenty studies addressed carbohydrate supplementation, eight glutamine, 13 vitamin C and four others interventions. Three trials assessed the effect of intervention on prevention of URT infections. The pooled rate ratio for URT infections after vitamin C supplementation against placebo was 0.49 (0.34-0.71). Carbohydrate supplementation attenuated the increase in cortisol and neutrophils after exercise; vitamin C attenuated the decrease in lymphocytes after exercise. No other interventions had significant or consistent effect on any of the studied outcomes. Conclusions: Although the prevention of URT infections by vitamin C was supported by two trials, further studies are needed. The available evidence failed to support a role for other nutritional supplements in preventing exercise-induced immune suppression. Larger trials with clinically relevant and uniform end points are necessary to clarify the role of these nutritional interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Upper Respiratory Tract Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Upper Respiratory Tract Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2006

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“…Conjugation of these amino acids may contribute significantly to the clinical symptoms of isovaleric acidemia, not only because of the conjugation products themselves being potentially toxic, but also because of a depletion of these amino acids owing to excretion of the conjugation products, in combination to dietary protein Table 2 Amino-acid concentrations in the urine and serum of treated isovaleric acidemia patients restriction. Deficiencies in the above-mentioned free amino acids are seen to be associated with the following clinical symptoms: retarded growth, eating disorders, decreased immunity, neurological disorders, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, cyanosis, listlessness and lethargy (Cohn et al, 1977;Huether, 1986;Contamira et al, 1991;van der Schot et al, 1994;Mero, 1999;Balch and Balch, 2000;Bassit et al, 2002). These clinical symptoms are identical to those associated with isovaleric acidemia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Amino-acid depletion induced by abnormal amino-acid conjugation and protein restriction in isovaleric acidemia

Loots¹,

Mienie

Erasmus

2007

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background: Previously, we detected 19 'new' amino-acid conjugates in the urine of patients with isovaleric acidemia. There is currently a poor understanding of the relationship between the clinical symptoms and the excreted metabolites occurring in these patients, owing to insufficient metabolite characterization and quantification. Consequently, controversial treatment protocols exist, particularly pertaining to dietary protein restriction. Objective: To determine the effect of the previously identified amino-acid conjugates and conventional dietary protein restriction therapy, on the free amino-acid concentrations in isovaleric acidemia patients, to better explain the clinical symptoms and develop more effective therapy. Design: Free amino-acid quantification via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) was performed on pre-and post-treatment urine or serum samples collected from six isovaleric acidemia patients, previously investigated for the presence of new induced N-isovaleryl and N-acetyl-amino-acid conjugates. Results: Depleted amino-acid concentrations were detected in varying degrees in all six patients and did not recover after conventional treatment. Conclusions: The 19 potentially toxic metabolites previously identified and the consequent amino-acid depletions detected in this study, may explain many of the clinical symptoms associated with isovaleric acidemia. Furthermore, the occurrence of amino-acid depletions in these patients, steers away from the controversial dietary protein restriction treatment protocols, and towards dietary leucine restriction alone with essential amino-acid supplementation, in combination with glycine and L-carnitine supplementation.

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“…Bassit et al (2002), apesar de avaliar a suplementação por um período longo (>4 semanas), e ser outro contexto ( após prova de triatlo), os autores reportaram aumento na produção de interleucina-2 e interferon 2 γ, além da supressão de interleucina-4 com a suplementação de 6g de ACR. Enquanto Towsend et al (2013) ao avaliarem os parâmetros inflamatórios decorrentes do DMIE após uma sessão de TF, reportaram atenuação da concentração de TNF-a circulante e a expressão de receptor de fator de necrose tumoral alfa 1 (TNFR1) com a suplementação de HMβ (metabólito do LEU) com a ingestão de forma isolada (3g), e associada à imersão em água gelada (IAG) em outro grupo.…”

Section: Mioglobina (Mb)unclassified

Estratégias nutricionais para minimizar o dano muscular induzido pelo exercício de força

Barbosa¹

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Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and the immune response of long-distance athletes

Cited by 112 publications

References 15 publications

Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Amino-acid depletion induced by abnormal amino-acid conjugation and protein restriction in isovaleric acidemia

Estratégias nutricionais para minimizar o dano muscular induzido pelo exercício de força

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