Branched-chain amino acid requirements for enterally fed term neonates in the first month of life

Groof, Femke de; Huang, Lisi; Vliet, Ineke van; Voortman, Gardi; Schierbeek, Henk; Roksnoer, Lodi C.W.; Vermes, András; Chen, Chao; Huang, Ying; Goudoever, Johannes B. van

doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.038927

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Another important aspect raised by our review is that not only protein quantity, but also protein quality, must be taken into account to secure a sufficient amount of essential amino acids to support adequate growth and safety in infants. Studies that use the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation method to determine the actual requirement of each essential amino acid in neonates have shown that infant formulas that are currently used may not contain the optimal amino acid composition and may provide an amount of essential amino acids that is too high (35)(36)(37). However, a detailed analysis of the amino acid content of formula was outside the scope of our review.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Concentration in Milk Formula, Growth, and Later Risk of Obesity: A Systematic Review

Patro-Gołąb

Zalewski

Kouwenhoven

et al. 2016

The Journal of Nutrition

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Concentration in Milk Formula, Growth, and Later Risk of Obesity: A Systematic Review

Patro-Gołąb

Zalewski

Kouwenhoven

et al. 2016

The Journal of Nutrition

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“…Animal-based food production generally has a bigger climate impact than plant-based From the introduction of the first infant formula onwards, milk protein and its processes have been optimized to provide the most optimal amino acid profiles in infant formula. However, based on requirement studies [45][46][47][48][49][50], there is still no intact protein to provide the right composition of essential amino acids. Therefore, the addition of free amino acids is unavoidable, which has its disadvantages.…”

Section: Plant Protein-based Infant Formulamentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Protein Infant Formula and Obesity Risk

Kouwenhoven

Muts²,

Finken³

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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Infant formulas have been designed to mimic human milk for infants who cannot be breastfed. The overall goal is to establish similar functional outcomes to assure optimal growth, development, maturation of the immune system, and programming of the metabolic system. However, after decades of improving infant formula, growth patterns and body composition development are still different in formula-fed infants compared to breastfed infants, which could contribute to an increased risk of obesity among formula-fed infants. It has been hypothesized that the lower protein concentration of breast milk compared to infant formula influences infants’ growth and body composition. Thus, several trials in formula-fed infants with different protein intake levels have been performed to test this hypothesis. In this review, we discuss the current evidence on low-protein infant formula and obesity risk, including future perspectives and implications.

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“…To define a population safe intake that covered the need of all infants, the individual variance in the phenylalanine requirement of our study population should be determined. Future studies should address this issue, but until then, a correction factor of 125% of the mean requirement as proposed by the WHO to determine the safe protein intake in early infancy should be applied (6,22). With the application of this rule of thumb, the required safe intake is 73 mg/kg per day for term infants and 100 mg/kg per day for moderate preterm infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study was one of a series that formed a large project to determine the essential amino acid requirement of neonates by using the minimal invasive IAAO method (21) modified for enterally fed neonates and described extensively before (13)(14)(15)22). The method is based on the assumption that amino acids, which are not used for protein synthesis, are preferably oxidized (23).…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenylalanine requirements of enterally fed term and preterm neonates

Hogewind-Schoonenboom¹,

Zhu²,

Lin³

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Phenylalanine, which is an essential aromatic amino acid, is either used for protein synthesis or irreversibly hydroxylated to tyrosine. The provision of optimal amounts of dietary phenylalanine is not only important for growth and development but might also influence catecholamine synthesis and release rates. The current recommended aromatic amino acid requirement for infants aged 0-6 mo is based on the amino acid content of human milk. Objective: We quantified the requirements for phenylalanine in the presence of excess tyrosine (166 or 177 mg/kg per day for term and preterm infants, respectively) for term and preterm neonates by using the indicator amino acid oxidation method with L-[1-13 C]lysine 2HCl as an indicator. Hence, we determined the minimum obligatory phenylalanine requirement. Design: Fully enterally fed term and preterm infants received randomly graded amounts of phenylalanine (5-177 mg/kg per day) as part of an elemental formula. Data are expressed as means 6 SDs. Results: Twenty term (birth weight: 3.19 6 0.34 kg; gestational age: 38.9 6 1 wk) and 16 preterm (birth weight: 1.75 6 0.17 kg; gestational age: 32.5 6 0.6 wk) Asian infants participated at a postnatal age of 17 6 8 d. In total, 44 studies were performed. The minimum obligatory phenylalanine requirement was 58 mg/kg per day (95% CI: 38-78 mg/kg per day) and 80 mg/kg per day (95% CI: 40-119 mg/kg per day) for term and preterm infants, respectively. Conclusion: The determined mean phenylalanine-requirement estimates are lower than the contents of term and preterm formulas currently on the market. This trial was registered at www. trialregister.nl as NTR1610.

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Branched-chain amino acid requirements for enterally fed term neonates in the first month of life

Cited by 24 publications

References 53 publications

Protein Concentration in Milk Formula, Growth, and Later Risk of Obesity: A Systematic Review

Protein Concentration in Milk Formula, Growth, and Later Risk of Obesity: A Systematic Review

Low-Protein Infant Formula and Obesity Risk

Phenylalanine requirements of enterally fed term and preterm neonates

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