Brain vasculature and induced ischemia in seizure-prone and non-seizure-prone gerbils

Donadio, M.F.; Kozlowski, Piotr B.; Kaplan, Harriett; Wı́sniewski, Henryk M.; Majkowski, J

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(82)90867-8

Cited by 33 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Unfortunately, only 30-40% of the animals in these studies have shown neurological deficits after unilateral carotid arterial occlusion (UCO 1 ) (Donadio et al 1982). Other studies have focused on the correlation of the degree of hemispheric ischemia and the degree of anastomosis between the anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs 1 ) and the ACoAs and PCoAs Kitagawa et al 1989Kitagawa et al , 1998Mayevsky and Breuer 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Circle of Willis Variations in the Mongolian Gerbil and a Newly Established Ischemia-Prone Gerbil Group

Du¹,

Zhu²,

Dong³

et al. 2011

ILAR Journal

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Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) have an incomplete circle of Willis (CoW), as a result of which approximately 30-40% of these animals develop focal cerebral ischemia after unilateral carotid occlusion (UCO). There are four types of patterns of the anterior and posterior communicating arteries (ACoAs and PCoAs, respectively) of the CoW and they determine the severity of the ischemic symptoms. We used 398 gerbils from five generations, including a selectively bred ischemia-prone group, to investigate post-UCO ischemic symptoms and possible correlations of ACoA and PCoA patterns between parents and their progeny. We observed that if the parents had complete ACoAs, their progeny also had complete ACoAs, and we found significant differences when the parents' ACoAs were incomplete: in 60.4% of offspring the type of ACoA was consistent with that of the mother and in 48.2% it was consistent with that of the father. The severity of the neurological symptoms after UCO was significantly related to the patterns of the ACoAs when PCoAs were absent. The proportion of UCO ischemia in gerbils with incomplete ACoAs was significantly higher than in those with complete ACoAs. After selectively breeding five generations, the proportion of UCO ischemia increased from 40% in the F1 animals to 75% in the F5 animals. Our results suggest that variations in the CoW are genetic and demonstrate that we successfully established an ischemia-prone group of gerbils.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Circle of Willis Variations in the Mongolian Gerbil and a Newly Established Ischemia-Prone Gerbil Group

Du¹,

Zhu²,

Dong³

et al. 2011

ILAR Journal

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“…However, the anomalous cerebral vascular patterns of this animal necessitate distinguishing asymptomatic (those animals with varying degrees of communication between the anterior cerebral artery) 17 from symptomatic (those animals with homolateral stroke from occlusion of one carotid artery). Although observation of behavior is a reliable indicator of the presence or absence of a stroke, we were also interested in the extent of the ischemic area visualized with Evan's Blue dye.…”

Section: Distinction Between Unilateral Asymptomatic (Ula) and Unilatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenylate cyclase and histopathological changes in the gerbil brain following prolonged unilateral ischemia and recirculation.

Christie-Pope¹,

Palmer²,

Chronister³

et al. 1985

Stroke

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SUMMARY This study was designed to correlate histopathological changes in gerbil brain following unilateral primary and secondary ischemia to enzymatic-adenylate cyclase damage. At three hrs permanent occlusion of the right common carotid artery only minimal histological changes were evident in cerebrum, hippocampus, striatum and olfactory tubercle while the enzyme responses were unremarkable. Severe histological and enzymatic alterations were present at one hour of recirculation subsequent to 3 hrs of unilateral occlusion. Similar damage was evident at 6 and 24 hrs permanent occlusion. Principal enzyme damage was directed toward basal activity, as well as stimulation of the catalytic (forskolin-sensitive) sites on the enzyme complex. For the most part the transducer (GTP-sensitive) site was unaffected by ischemia until 24 hr ligation. These changes were observed in only those gerbils developing severe symptoms of stroke. Stroke Vol 16, No 4, 1985DUE TO AN INCOMPLETE CIRCLE OF WILLIS (lack of posterior communicating arteries) perfusion of the gerbil forebrain is dependent upon carotid blood flow. In addition, each cerebral hemisphere is isolated in 20 to 50% of gerbils because of a lack of anastomosis between the anterior cerebral arteries. Thus occlusion of one carotid artery produces a model of ipsilateral cerebral ischemia and edema in these animals. Therefore this model allows for study of not only ischemic regions of the brain, but for concurrent effects on areas remote from the focal injury as well. The consequences of both unilateral primary ischemia and secondary ischemia involving reflow of blood to damaged brain tissue have been examined in metabolic, enzymatic and morphological studies.2 " 5One such metabolic system investigated is that of the cyclic nucleotides. Subsequent to an ischemic insult levels of adenosine 3',5' monophosphate (cyclic AMP) are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of humans, 6 as well as in the cerebral cortex of rapidly fixed gerbil brain.4 -5 -7~10 During reinstitution of blood flow guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) levels in the gerbil brain decrease while cyclic AMP concentrations remain elevated.7 -8 Investigations using a model of bilateral ischemia reveal that regional damage to adenylate cyclase in the gerbil brain requires a prolonged period of ischemia followed by extended periods of reflow." l2 Only preliminary investigations have evaluated the effects of unilateral ischemia on this enzyme system. 5 It was the intent of the present study to examine the temporal influence of unilateral ischemia with or without reflow on regional activity of adenylate cyclase using this gerbil model. Responses Received May 10, 1984; revision #1 accepted November 30, 1984. of the enzyme were measured under basal conditions, as well as with applied stimuli to the catalytic (forskolin-sensitive), transducer (GTP-sensitive) and receptor (catecholamine-sensitive) sites on the enzyme. An attempt is made to correlate these biochemical parameters to histopathological alterations wit...

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“…Thus, bilateral carotid occlusion results in global forebrain ischemia. 4 " 6 In addition, the gerbil phenotype expresses varying degrees of anterior anastomotic collateral vascular connections. 34 After a unilateral carotid occlusion (UCO), the degree of hemispheric ischemia correlates with the degree of anastomoses between the anterior cerebral arteries.…”

Section: T He Mongolian Gerbil Meriones Unguiculatus Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of cerebral ischemia by ophthalmoscopy after carotid occlusion in gerbils.

Oostveen

Timby

Williams

1992

Stroke

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Background and Purpose:The Mongolian gerbil provides a unique model of unilateral focal cerebral ischemia because of the lack of posterior communicating arteries in all gerbils as well as an absence of an anterior communicating artery in approximately 20% of the gerbil population. It is unclear how to identify unequivocably the subpopulation of animals that would suffer a severe focal cerebral ischemia after unilateral carotid occlusion.Methods: Ninety-three male gerbils were exposed to unilateral occlusion of the right common carotid artery. The severity of neuronal loss was evaluated histologically in gerbils selected as having significant focal ischemia based on either behavioral criteria (i.e., the demonstration of stereotypical behavior within 1 hour after occlusion) or ophthalmoscopic criteria (i.e., interruption of the retinal arterial perfusion within 10 minutes of carotid ligation as assessed with an ophthalmoscope). After 3 hours of unilateral carotid occlusion, cerebral blood flow was reinstated for 24 hours before fixation for histological analysis. The viability of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, lateral cortex, and medial cortex was scored on a scale of 0-4 based on the percentage of apparent neuronal loss (e.g., 0, no damage; 4, >75% damage (the Viability Index).Results: Twenty-eight percent of the gerbils met the behavioral selection criteria, and 17% met the ophthalmoscopic criteria. In the specimens selected by behavioral criteria (n=7), 30% demonstrated no evidence of postischemic neuronal loss; the mean±SEM Viability Index scores for CA1, lateral cortex, and medial cortex were 1.6±0.6, 1.0±0.3, and 0.3±0.2, respectively. Of the animals selected by ophthalmoscopic criteria (n = 12), 100% had severe ischemic tissue damage to the ipsilateral hemisphere; the Viability Index scores for CA1, lateral cortex, and medial cortex were 3.5±0.1, 3.1 ±0.2, and 1.2±0.2, respectively; all scores were significantly larger than those observed in the behaviorally selected group.Conclusions: Selection of animals by ophthalmoscopic criteria provides a reliable, consistent method to predict animals with severe focal cerebral ischemia.

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Brain vasculature and induced ischemia in seizure-prone and non-seizure-prone gerbils

Cited by 33 publications

References 9 publications

Characteristics of Circle of Willis Variations in the Mongolian Gerbil and a Newly Established Ischemia-Prone Gerbil Group

Characteristics of Circle of Willis Variations in the Mongolian Gerbil and a Newly Established Ischemia-Prone Gerbil Group

Adenylate cyclase and histopathological changes in the gerbil brain following prolonged unilateral ischemia and recirculation.

Prediction of cerebral ischemia by ophthalmoscopy after carotid occlusion in gerbils.

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