Brain Stem Mechanisms for Generation and Control of Breathing Pattern

Euler, Curt von

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp030201

Cited by 146 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 365 publications

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“…Somatic control dominates during periods of voluntary inspiration and expiration, such as speech and breath holding, and rhythmic autonomic signals control the diaphragm and intercostals muscles at all other times [49]. For some individuals with severe motor disabilities, voluntary control of respiration is not possible, and respiration rate is solely Fig.…”

Section: Respiration Rate and Amplitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Autonomic Signals as Access Pathways for Individuals with Severe Disabilities: A Literature Appraisal

Blain¹,

Chau

Mihailidis³

2008

TOREHJ

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Many individuals with severe and multiple disabilities do not have an access pathway that enables them to interface with their environment because they are not afforded a binary switch that they can reliably control. While recent research has focused on the self-regulation of central signals of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to create braincomputer interfaces (BCIs) for these individuals, there has been less focus on the peripheral signals of the ANS as an access pathway. An appraisal of the literature in the areas of biofeedback, polygraphy and mental exercises uncovered considerable evidence that peripheral ANS signals can be voluntarily controlled and thus have the potential to be used as an access pathway by the target population. However, the issues of speed, metabolic noise and pathological change must be addressed before peripheral ANS signals can be used as either a complementary or alternative access pathway to existing brain-computer interfaces.

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Section: Respiration Rate and Amplitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Autonomic Signals as Access Pathways for Individuals with Severe Disabilities: A Literature Appraisal

Blain¹,

Chau

Mihailidis³

2008

TOREHJ

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“…Thus, normal breathing requires balanced and coordinated activities between cranial and spinal nerves. Failure of such balanced and coordinated activities can lead to obstruction of the upper airway, as in obstructive sleep apnoea (Bartlett 1986;Feldman 1986;von Euler 1986;Bianchi et al 1995;Remmers 1998;St John 1998;.…”

Section: A Brief Characterization Of Neural Activities During Eupnoeamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This region had been proposed as a medullary noeud vital for eupnoea (Wyman 1976;Euler 1986). Acute ablation of this region in anaesthetized preparations resulted in prolonged apnoea.…”

Section: Rhythms Of In Vitro Preparationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noeud vital for breathing in the brainstem: gasping—yes, eupnoea—doubtful

John

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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For the past 200 years, various regions of the brainstem have been proposed as a 'noeud vital' for breathing-a critical region which, when destroyed, results in an irreversible cessation of breathing and death. Complicating this search for a noeud vital is the extensive network of neurons that comprises the brainstem respiratory control system of pons and medulla. Does a cessation of breathing following ablation of any region reflect the removal of a critical set of neurons whose activity generates the respiratory rhythm or does it reflect the interruption of one component of the neuronal circuit, such that this circuit cannot function, at least temporarily? An additional complication is that in contemporary neuroscience, a number of in vitro preparations have been introduced for the study of the generation of the respiratory rhythms. However, how are the rhythms that these preparations generate related to normal breathing? Are these rhythms similar to those of gasping, which is recruited when normal, eupnoeic breathing fails, or are these rhythms unique to the in vitro preparation and not related to any breathing pattern in vivo?

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“…In production and maintenance of respiratory movements these motoneuronal pools are mainly regulated by specific integrative neural mechanisms, the so-called central respiratory mechanisms, under various conditions. Rhythmic control of the act of breathing is performed by a rhythmic nervous activity which originates in the lower brain stem [13,15,16,47,60]. Respiratory movements are continuously adjusted in response to physiological demands of the organism by neural [13,15,16,47,60] and chemical respiratory control mechanisms [54].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rhythmic control of the act of breathing is performed by a rhythmic nervous activity which originates in the lower brain stem [13,15,16,47,60]. Respiratory movements are continuously adjusted in response to physiological demands of the organism by neural [13,15,16,47,60] and chemical respiratory control mechanisms [54]. These dynamic regulatory processes are maintained involving the entire neuraxis [16,21,35], although the central respiratory mechanisms in the brain stem play a main role in the regulation of breathing [13,15;16, 24, 36].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Organization of the brain stem neural mechanisms for generation of respiratory rhythm - Current problems.

Hukuhara

1988

Jpn.J.Physiol

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The motoneuronal populations controlling the respiratory motor apparatus are located from sites in the brain stem to lumbar segments of the spinal cord [48,60]. In production and maintenance of respiratory movements these motoneuronal pools are mainly regulated by specific integrative neural mechanisms, the so-called central respiratory mechanisms, under various conditions. Rhythmic control of the act of breathing is performed by a rhythmic nervous activity which originates in the lower brain stem [13,15,16,47,60]. Respiratory movements are continuously adjusted in response to physiological demands of the organism by neural [13,15,16,47,60] and chemical respiratory control mechanisms [54]. These dynamic regulatory processes are maintained involving the entire neuraxis [16,21,35], although the central respiratory mechanisms in the brain stem play a main role in the regulation of breathing [13,15;16, 24, 36].

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Brain Stem Mechanisms for Generation and Control of Breathing Pattern

Cited by 146 publications

References 365 publications

Peripheral Autonomic Signals as Access Pathways for Individuals with Severe Disabilities: A Literature Appraisal

Peripheral Autonomic Signals as Access Pathways for Individuals with Severe Disabilities: A Literature Appraisal

Noeud vital for breathing in the brainstem: gasping—yes, eupnoea—doubtful

Organization of the brain stem neural mechanisms for generation of respiratory rhythm - Current problems.

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