Brain Regions and Encephalization in Anurans: Adaptation or Stability?

Taylor, Graeme; Nol, Erica; Boire, Denis

doi:10.1159/000113543

Cited by 44 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…It has been shown that both correlations exist among brain regions in anurans [Taylor et al, 1995]: for example, there is a strong positive correlation between the size of the telencephalon and that of the main olfactory bulbs. However, in the Hi3 fish, the telencephalon was relatively larger, but the olfactory bulb was smaller, as was the optic tectum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Brain Morphologies from Different Genotypes in a Single Teleost Species, the Medaka <i>(Oryzias latipes)</i>

Ishikawa¹,

Yoshimoto

Yamamoto

et al. 1998

Brain Behav Evol

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In a teleost fish, the medaka (Oryzias latipes), many inbred strains have been established from various origins including wild populations. Brains from five genetically different strains, which had been bred and raised under the same conditions, were examined to determine whether there is intraspecific genetic variation. A total of 25 brains from the wild-type strains (HNI-II, HB11A and HB32C) and from the body-colour mutant strains (Hi3 and HO5) were fixed, and the external features of the brains were examined under a stereomicroscope. The differences between the HNI-II brains and the Hi3 brains were the most remarkable in the external features. In order to carry out a volumetric analysis, the brains of all strains were cut into complete serial cryostat sections. Total brain volumes and relative volumes (in % of total brain volume) of the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, optic tectum, and cerebellum were calculated in each brain using a semi-automatic image analyzer. Statistical analysis showed that significant differences in the total brain volumes and the relative volumes of these subdivisions exist not only between wild-type and mutant strains but also among wild-type strains. Thus, our results demonstrate that the strains with different genotypes possess large variation in brain morphology. This is the first report to demonstrate that there exists intraspecific genetic variation in the gross brain morphology of a wild-type vertebrate.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Brain Morphologies from Different Genotypes in a Single Teleost Species, the Medaka <i>(Oryzias latipes)</i>

Ishikawa¹,

Yoshimoto

Yamamoto

et al. 1998

Brain Behav Evol

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Section: Brain Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The olfactory bulbs receive olfactory signals, which are then relayed directly to the olfactory bulbs (Taylor et al 1995;Striedter 2005). The telencephalon forms the cognitive center which processes all sensory information, and also plays important roles in directing active movements and in learning and memory (Taylor et al 1995). A key function of the optic tecta is to receive visual information, which is then transferred to the telencephalon via the preglomerular zone (Taylor et al 1995).…”

Section: Brain Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality and Age is Positively Related to Brain Size in Andrew’s Toad (Bufo andrewsi)

et al. 2015

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The Expensive Brain Framework (EBF) and the Cognitive Buffer Hypothesis are commonly used to explain inter-and intraspecific variation in brain size and brain architecture. Using Andrew's toad (Bufo andrewsi) as a model species, we investigated whether brain attributes in amphibians are shaped by the interplay between age and the length of the activity season as determined by altitude and latitude. We found significant differences in absolute and relative brain volume across 12 populations. Supporting the EBF, we observed a positive correlation between absolute and relative brain volume with season length. In particular, populations experiencing long seasons were characterized by having relatively large olfactory nerve and optic tecta. Relative, but not absolute, brain volume was also positively correlated with individual age. When accounting for the effects of body size and brain volume, however, the size of different brain structures (olfactory nerve, olfactory bulbs, telencephalon, optic tecta and cerebellum) was independent from age. Taken together, our findings are largely in agreement with the EBF to determine brain size variation in Andrew's toad.

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“…Data for cerebellar volume fractions of 95 species of fish with a broad sampling were obtained from Bauchot et al (1989); Lisney and Collin (2006); Platel et al (1977); Wagner (2001); Yopak et al (2007). Volume fractions of ten amphibian species were obtained from Taylor et al (1995), and 35 species of reptiles from Platel (1976). Cerebellar volume fractions for 141 species of birds, with broad taxonomic sampling, were obtained from Portmann (1947), who reported the volumes of the brainstem, optic lobes, cerebellum, and striatum.…”

Section: Comparative Changes In the Cerebellum And Information Procesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellum and Human Evolution: A Comparative and Information Theory Perspective

Huang

Ricklefs

2013

Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders

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The cerebral cortex occupies a prominent place in the social brain hypothesis, which posits that human brain evolution has largely been shaped by social interactions in an increasingly more complex group structure and the associated cognitive tasks at the cerebral cortical level. Social interactions are adaptive behaviors in responses to selection pressure and are also the sources of selection pressure. Complex social interactions both require and foster communication.To communicate and transmit information, individual members of the group must acquire a common language of communication, most certainly via imitation. Hurley has recently proposed a shared circuits model for imitation. This model has implicated many cerebral cortical structures, including the mirror neuron system. In this model, a basic element supporting complex behavior leading to imitation is active perception. Neuroplasticity mechanisms in the cerebellum and particularly in the neocerebellum may be the major provider of this critical function such that active perception constitutes part of the cerebellar function of procedural learning, or vice versa. In this chapter, the role of the cerebellum in the evolution of complex behaviors is examined. Data from fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal are summarized to show a phylogenetic expansion of the neocerebellum to interact with the neocortex. Within mammals, there is a progressive increase in the capacity of the cerebellum to code and process information from mouse, rat, cat, rhesus monkey, and human. The increasingly expanding interactions between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum operating with a high information coding and processing capacity may uniquely contribute to the acquisition of complex behavior including language and communication for social interaction -a major hallmark of human evolution.

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Brain Regions and Encephalization in Anurans: Adaptation or Stability?

Cited by 44 publications

References 18 publications

Different Brain Morphologies from Different Genotypes in a Single Teleost Species, the Medaka <i>(Oryzias latipes)</i>

Different Brain Morphologies from Different Genotypes in a Single Teleost Species, the Medaka <i>(Oryzias latipes)</i>

Seasonality and Age is Positively Related to Brain Size in Andrew’s Toad (Bufo andrewsi)

Cerebellum and Human Evolution: A Comparative and Information Theory Perspective

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