Brain orexins and wake regulation in rats exposed to maternal deprivation

Orexin Mediates the Expression of Precipitated Morphine Withdrawal and Concurrent Activation of the Nucleus Accumbens Shell

“…Additionally, repeated injections also serve as stressful stimuli which may elicit a stress response. Orexinergic activity has been previously linked with a stress response (43,59,60) and orexin's role in morphine withdrawal may indeed be to mediate components of stress that are integral to withdrawal.…”

Psychoneuroimmunology of Early-Life Stress: The Hidden Wounds of Childhood Trauma?

“…Fourth, early-life stress has been linked to alcohol and substance abuse disorders and smoking (Dube et al, 2003;Anda et al, 1999), which can increase inflammation levels (Crews et al, 2006;Shiels et al, 2014). Fifth, early-life stress has been associated with decreased total sleep and disruption in sleep architecture in rodents (Feng et al, 2007;Mrdalj et al, 2013;Tiba et al, 2004) and humans (Gregory and Sadeh, 2016;Kajeepeta et al, 2015). In turn, clinical experiments have shown that sleep deprivation is associated with an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in humans (Irwin et al, 2006), and epidemiological studies have found that reduced sleep is associated with elevated levels of inflammation biomarkers (Miller et al, 2009).…”

Altered Sleep Homeostasis after Restraint Stress in5-HTTKnock-Out Male Mice: A Role for Hypocretins

“…Conversely, mice with increased 5-HT reuptake exhibit a low anxiety-like phenotype (Jennings et al, 2006). Whether such behavioral changes may also be related to alterations in hypocretinergic neurotransmission is a relevant question to be addressed notably because several other animal models with sleep and/or behavioral alterations also exhibit changes in the hypocretinergic system (Taheri et al, 2001;Allard et al, 2004;Feng et al, 2007;Lutter et al, 2008). Interestingly, studies in humans showed that hcrt-1 levels in the CSF (1) negatively correlate with symptoms such as lassitude in suicide attempters (Brundin et al, 2007), (2) are slightly increased in depressed patients, and (3) are reduced by treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Salomon et al, 2003).…”