“… 10–15 In the middle ear and mastoid region, most previously reported cases describe an association with previous trauma, surgery, or infectious or inflammatory processes. 10,13,14,16–20 However, patients with no significant predisposing factors or obvious relation to CNS structures have also been described, 1,11,15,21–24 leaving the pathogenesis unresolved. We evaluated the clinicopathological features of neuroglial heterotopias and encephaloceles involving the middle ear region to assist in the clarification of these issues.…”