Brain functional activity during gait in normal subjects: a SPECT study

Fukuyama, Hidenao; Ouchi, Yasuomi; Matsuzaki, Shinya; Nagahama, Yasuhiro; Yamauchi, Hiroshi; Ogawa, Masafumi; Kimura, Jun; Shibasaki, Hiroshi

doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00381-9

Cited by 320 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Unfortunately, the neuroscience and neuroimaging of upright gait is hampered by two main caveats. First, neuroimaging using fMRI, MEG, or EEG is currently not available or severely limited in walking humans, although a few research groups have employed SPECT (Fukuyama et al, 1997) and NIRS (Miyai et al, 2001;Suzuki et al, 2004). These researchers reported an involvement of medial prefrontal cortex, primary sensorimotor cortex as well as lateral premotor and prefrontal cortex during walking in humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The limits of agency in walking humans

et al. 2010

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a b s t r a c tAn important principle of human ethics is that individuals are not responsible for actions performed when unconscious. Recent research found that the generation of an action and the building of a conscious experience of that action (agency) are distinct processes and crucial mechanisms for self-consciousness. Yet, previous agency studies have focussed on actions of a finger or hand. Here, we investigate how agents consciously monitor actions of the entire body in space during locomotion. This was motivated by previous work revealing that (1) a fundamental aspect of self-consciousness concerns a single and coherent representation of the entire spatially situated body and (2) clinical instances of human behaviour without consciousness occur in rare neurological conditions such as sleepwalking or epileptic nocturnal wandering. Merging techniques from virtual reality, full-body tracking, and cognitive science of conscious action monitoring, we report experimental data about consciousness during locomotion in healthy participants. We find that agents consciously monitor the location of their entire body and its locomotion only with low precision and report that while precision remains low it can be systematically modulated in several experimental conditions. This shows that conscious action monitoring in locomoting agents can be studied in a fine-grained manner. We argue that the study of the mechanisms of agency for a person's full body may help to refine our scientific criteria of selfhood and discuss sleepwalking and related conditions as alterations in neural systems encoding motor awareness in walking humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The limits of agency in walking humans

et al. 2010

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“…However, the neuroscience of human upright gait is hampered by two main caveats. Neuroimaging using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), or electroencephalography (EEG) is currently not available or severely limited in walking humans (Fukuyama et al, 1997;Miyai et al, 2001) and humans are the only truly upright walking primates (Eccles, 1989). Only recently Independent Component Analysis and template based artefact removal have been applied to EEG recordings to recover and examine electrocortical activity coupled to the human gait-cycle (Gwin et al, 2011).…”

Section: The Neuroscience Of Gait and Agencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Agency, gait and self-consciousness

Kannape

Blanke

2012

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Agency is an important aspect of bodily self-consciousness, allowing us to separate own movements from those induced by the environment and to distinguish own movements from those of other agents. Unsurprisingly, theoretical frameworks for agency such as central monitoring are closely tied to computational models of sensorimotor control. Until recently agency research has largely focussed on goal-directed movements of the upper limbs. In particular, the influence of performance-related sensory cues and the relevance of prediction signals for agency judgements have been studied through a variety of spatio-temporal mismatches between movement and the sensory consequences of movement. However, agents often perform a different type of movement; highly automated movements that involve the entire body such as walking, cycling, and swimming with potentially different agency mechanisms. Here, we review recent work about agency for full-body movements such as gait, highlighting the effects of performance-related visual and auditory cues on gait agency. Gait movements differ from upper limb actions. Gait is cyclic, more rarely immediately goal-directed, and is generally considered one of the most automatic and unconscious actions. We discuss such movement differences with respect to the functional mechanisms of full-body agency and body-part agency by linking these gait agency paradigms to computational models of motor control. This is followed by a selective review of gait control, locomotion, and models of motor control relying on prediction signals and underlining their relevance for full-body agency.

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“…Technetium-99m-hexamethyl-proyleneamine oxime (Tc 99m -D,L-HMPAO or exametazime; Ceretec™, radioactive t 1/2 = 6.03 h, NycomedAmersham, Little Chalfont, UK), a commercially available tracer, has been used to study brain activation in freely-moving human subjects during walking [67], during cycling on a stationary bicycle [68], and in nonrestrained subjects during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test [69]. The 99m Tc complex of HMPAO (but not HMPAO itself) readily passes the intact blood-brain barrier, and brain uptake of Tc 99m -D,L-HMPAO closely reflects regional CBF [70].…”

Section: Spectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping brain function in freely moving subjects

Holschneider

Maarek

2004

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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Expression of many fundamental mammalian behaviors such as, for example, aggression, mating, foraging or social behaviors, depend on locomotor activity. A central dilemma in the functional neuroimaging of these behaviors has been the fact that conventional neuroimaging techniques generally rely on immobilization of the subject, which extinguishes all but the simplest activity. Ideally, imaging could occur in freely moving subjects, while presenting minimal interference with the subject's natural behavior. Here we provide an overview of several approaches that have been undertaken in the past to achieve this aim in both tethered and freely moving animals, as well as in nonrestrained human subjects. Applications of specific radiotracers to single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography are discussed in which brain activation is imaged after completion of the behavioral task and capture of the tracer. Potential applications to clinical neuropsychiatry are discussed, as well as challenges inherent to constraint-free functional neuroimaging. Future applications of these methods promise to increase our understanding of the neural circuits underlying mammalian behavior in health and disease.

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Brain functional activity during gait in normal subjects: a SPECT study

Cited by 320 publications

References 13 publications

The limits of agency in walking humans

The limits of agency in walking humans

Agency, gait and self-consciousness

Mapping brain function in freely moving subjects

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