“…The literature on emotion shows that the nature of emotion and the mechanisms involved in its experience and expression constitute a field of long-standing controversy (e.g., James, 1890James, /1950Cannon, 1927;Papez, 1937;MacLean, 1950;Schachter, 1964;Lazarus, 1984;Zajonc, 1984;Panksepp, 1988Panksepp, , 1990Gray, 1982Gray, , 1990Hassan and Ward, 1991). The result of this controversy has been a set of concepts of emotion that are neither exclusive nor complementary, and which have projected a range of divergent clinical implications (e.g., Rachman, 1981).…”