Brain effects of nicotine and derived compounds

Moran, Valentina Echeverria

doi:10.3389/fphar.2013.00060

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…It is commonly known that long-term exposure to nicotine causes nAChR desensitization ( 16 ), leading to memory impairment in otherwise healthy individuals ( 17 ). Such nicotine-induced cognitive dysfunction is associated with several mechanisms, including activation of the phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) signaling pathway and inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis ( 18 , 19 ). In particular, nicotine stimulates the expression of PDE-5 ( 19 , 20 ), which plays a role in cleaving cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate that activate downstream signaling pathways contributing to memory impairment ( 21 – 23 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, nicotine stimulates the expression of PDE-5 ( 19 , 20 ), which plays a role in cleaving cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate that activate downstream signaling pathways contributing to memory impairment ( 21 – 23 ). Nicotine also blocks estrogen synthase (aromatase) in the brain, which is important for estrogen biosynthesis ( 18 , 24 ). Estrogen activates estrogen receptors in the brain, which function as transcriptional factors and enhance the expression of several neurotransmitters (including glutamate, acetylcholine, serotonin and noradrenaline), and thus stimulate the neuronal circuits required for memory encoding ( 25 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review)

Alhowail

2021

Mol Med Rep

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The health risks of nicotine are well known, but there is some evidence of its beneficial effects on cognitive function. The present review focused on the reported benefits of nicotine in the brain and summarizes the associated underlying mechanisms. Nicotine administration can improve cognitive impairment in alzheimer's disease (ad), and dyskinesia and memory impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). In terms of its mechanism of action, nicotine slows the progression of PD by inhibiting Sirtuin 6, a stress-responsive protein deacetylase, thereby decreasing neuronal apoptosis and improving neuronal survival. In AD, nicotine improves cognitive impairment by enhancing protein kinase B (also referred to as Akt) activity and stimulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling, which regulates learning and memory processes. Nicotine may also activate thyroid receptor signaling pathways to improve memory impairment caused by hypothyroidism. In healthy individuals, nicotine improves memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation by enhancing the phosphorylation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, an essential regulator of cell proliferation and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, nicotine may improve memory function through its effect on chromatin modification via the inhibition of histone deacetylases, which causes transcriptional changes in memory-related genes. Finally, nicotine administration has been demonstrated to rescue long-term potentiation in individuals with sleep deprivation, ad, chronic stress and hypothyroidism, primarily by desensitizing α 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. To conclude, nicotine has several cognitive benefits in healthy individuals, as well as in those with cognitive dysfunction associated with various diseases. However, further research is required to shed light on the effect of acute and chronic nicotine treatment on memory function. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Benefits of nicotine in Alzheimer's disease (AD) 3. Benefits of nicotine in Parkinson's disease (PD) 4. Benefits of nicotine on memory processes in patients with thyroid disease 5. Effects of nicotine on cognitive function in healthy individuals 6. Nicotine-induced chromatin modifications may improve memory and learning 7. Electrophysiological effects of nicotine: Strengthening synapses 8. Conclusions

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review)

Alhowail

2021

Mol Med Rep

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“…Cotinine (73), a predominant metabolite of nicotine (74), is an important -lactam with a wide range of pharmacological properties. 54 Inspired by its diverse medicinal properties, in 2015, Vazquez and co-workers 55 developed a two-step Ugi-4CR/post-condensation strategy for the synthesis of highly substituted cotinine and iso-cotinine ana-logues 80 (Scheme 18). First, an InCl 3 -catalyzed multicomponent reaction was performed between 3-chloropropionic acid (75), 3-pyridine aldehyde, amines, and isocyanides to afford Ugi adducts 76, which subsequently gave -lactams 80 in moderate to excellent yields via t-BuOK-mediated cyclization under MW heating conditions.…”

Section: Scheme 16 Syntheses Of -Lactams 69mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Lactams via Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reactions

Pharande¹

2020

Synthesis

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Lactams are very important heterocycles as a result of their presence in a wide range of bioactive molecules, natural products and drugs, and also due their utility as versatile synthetic intermediates. Due to these reasons, numerous efforts have focused on the development of effective and efficient methods for their synthesis. Compared to conventional two-component reactions, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), particularly isocyanide-based MCRs, are widely used for the synthesis of a range of small heterocycles including lactam analogues. Despite their numerous applications in almost every field of chemistry, as yet there is no dedicated review on isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (IMCRs) concerning the synthesis of lactams. Therefore, this review presents strategies towards the synthesis of α-, β-, γ-, δ- and ε-lactams using IMCRs or IMCRs/post-transformation reactions reported in the literature between 2000 and 2020.1 Introduction2 Developments in Lactam Synthesis2.1 α-Lactams2.2 β-Lactams2.3 γ-Lactams2.3.1 General γ-Lactams2.3.2 Benzo-Fused γ-Lactams2.3.3 Spiro γ-Lactams2.3.4 α,β-Unsaturated γ-Lactams2.3.5 Polycyclic Fused γ-Lactams2.4 δ-Lactams2.5 ε-Lactams3 Conclusions

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“…1A). 6 Pre-clinical studies have shown that cotinine facilitates the elimination of fear memories and improves attention and working memory in a mouse model for Alzheimer disease (AD), 7 reduces fear and anxiety in a mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 8 as well as antipsychotic druglike properties. 5 Cotinine (2) has proved to be 100 times less toxic than nicotine (1) with a longer plasma half-life of 19-24 h with respect to nicotine (2-3 h), apart from not having addictive or cardiovascular effects on humans, despite its structural similarity to nicotine (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An efficient microwave-assisted synthesis of cotinine and iso-cotinine analogs from an Ugi-4CR approach

2015

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A convenient base-mediated two-step synthesis of cotinine analogs and a one-pot base-free synthesis of iso-cotinine derivatives featuring an Ugi-4CR/cyclization protocol are reported. These approaches exploit the reactivity of the peptidyl position present in the Ugi adducts, allowing the facile construction of the γ-lactam core, as well as the introduction of a N-substituted methyl group into the analogs in a straightforward manner. A plausible mechanism for the cyclization step is discussed.

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Brain effects of nicotine and derived compounds

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review)

Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review)

Synthesis of Lactams via Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reactions

An efficient microwave-assisted synthesis of cotinine and iso-cotinine analogs from an Ugi-4CR approach

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