Brain activity and perceived exertion during cycling exercise: an fMRI study

Fontes, Eduardo Bodnariuc; Okano, Alexandre Hideki; Guio, François De; Schabort, Elske J.; Li, Li Min; Basset, Fabien A.; Stein, Dan J.; Noakes, Timothy D.

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091924

Cited by 67 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Based on this, the authors suggested that perception of effort might arise from the primary motor cortex [39]; however, the authors also highlighted the possibility that perceived effort may be associated with activity in neural centres upstream of the primary motor cortex, and possibly even the motor cortex [39,50]. Due to their involvement in homeostatic control, awareness [51], emotion, error detection, motivation and pain [52], higher brain centres such as the insular cortex and cingulate cortex are believed to be extremely important in perceptions that are associated with physical activity [30,53,54]. Supporting this, Fontes et al [30] observed an association between increased neuronal activity in the posterior cingulate gyrus and precuneus and rating of perceived exertion during cycling.…”

Section: Neural Regulation Of Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Due to their involvement in homeostatic control, awareness [51], emotion, error detection, motivation and pain [52], higher brain centres such as the insular cortex and cingulate cortex are believed to be extremely important in perceptions that are associated with physical activity [30,53,54]. Supporting this, Fontes et al [30] observed an association between increased neuronal activity in the posterior cingulate gyrus and precuneus and rating of perceived exertion during cycling. Furthermore, an increased activation of the right anterior insular cortex has been documented with increased perceived exertion during dynamic exercise [55,56].…”

Section: Neural Regulation Of Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…However, within this study, impaired muscle afferent feedback was also associated with altered central motor drive [58], and thus it remains unclear whether an alteration in corollary command, rather than changes in afferent feedback, was the dominant mechanism responsible for altered RPE. Regardless, based on the current literature it appears reasonable to suggest that such regions of the brain are responsible for the integration of physiological afferent signals from the periphery to promote emotional and conscious control of perceptual stress during exercise [30]. Under such a hypothesis, perceptions of both effort and exertion are likely to be dictated by not only the discrepancy or balance between predicted and actual sensory feedback but also other complex psychological factors such as memory/prior experience of similar exercise [2], motivation [8], positive and negative affect [10] and awareness [2].…”

Section: Neural Regulation Of Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Thirty-plus years on, this confusion still exists, with the American College of Sports Medicine current comment on perceived exertion stating that RPE ''is a psychophysiological scale, meaning it calls on the mind and body to rate one's perception of effort'' [29]. Recently, it has also been suggested that 'perceived exertion' is a conscious manifestation of the feelings of effort produced by exercise [7,30,31].…”

Section: Monitoring Perceptions Of Effort and Exertionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Self-Paced Exercise: What are We Actually Measuring?

et al. 2015

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Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and effort are considered extremely important in the regulation of intensity during self-paced physical activity. While effort and exertion are slightly different constructs, these terms are often used interchangeably within the literature. The development of perceptions of both effort and exertion is a complicated process involving numerous neural processes occurring in various regions within the brain. It is widely accepted that perceptions of effort are highly dependent on efferent copies of central drive which are sent from motor to sensory regions of the brain. Additionally, it has been suggested that perceptions of effort and exertion are integrated based on the balance between corollary discharge and actual afferent feedback; however, the involvement of peripheral afferent sensory feedback in the development of such perceptions has been debated. As such, this review examines the possible difference between effort and exertion, and the implications of such differences in understanding the role of such perceptions in the regulation of pace during exercise.

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Section: Neural Regulation Of Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Neural Regulation Of Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Neural Regulation Of Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Monitoring Perceptions Of Effort and Exertionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Self-Paced Exercise: What are We Actually Measuring?

et al. 2015

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“…While it is appreciably more difficult to perform an exercise-based protocol with PET or fMRI, it is not impossible. A recent exercise study used fMRI to show activations with perceived exertion in healthy individuals [12], and a PET study [13] has shown an insula response during exercise. Although these studies did not measure dyspnoea per se, they've demonstrated proof of concept.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the breathless brain: is real life too noisy?

Binks

2015

Eur Respir J

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@ERSpublicationsThe first brain study of "real-life" dyspnoea is limited by real-life, but gives us a renewed sense of direction http://ow.ly/T70dpIn our 15-year history of mapping the central neural mechanisms of dyspnoea, we have discovered the complexities of obtaining an objective measure of the sensation and begun discriminating the emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses to it. The task has been complicated by use of a variety of laboratory models that likely produce varying forms of dyspnoea. There are at least three neurally distinct forms (air hunger, effort to breathe and chest tightness [1]) and each form has quantitatively, and maybe qualitatively, different affective components [2]. The stimuli used to gain the first insights into the "breathless brain" were tidal volume restriction [3], hypercapnia [4] and resistance loaded breathing [5]. The most consistent finding in these and subsequent studies [6][7][8] is activation of the insula cortex; a region also involved with the perception of other homeostatic warning signals such as pain, hunger and thirst [9]. The involvement (or not) of other brain regions has varied between studies and likely reflects the variety of stimuli and types of dyspnoea they generated. The most consistent factor throughout these studies is the use of healthy individuals as subjects.

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Mental fatigue impairs the number of repetitions to muscular failure in the half back‐squat exercise for low‐ and mid‐ but not high‐intensity resistance exercise

de Lima‐Junior,

Gantois,

Nakamura

et al. 2024

European Journal of Sport Science

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The study aimed to analyze the acute effect of mental fatigue on the maximum number of repetitions in a resistance exercise session with different intensities in resistance‐trained adults. Eighteen young men aged between 18 and 25 years old (age, 22.1 ± 2.0 years; body weight, 82.5 ± 6.6 kg; height, 177.4 ± 5.2 cm; half‐back squat 1‐RM, 106.7 ± 21.9 kg) were recruited for the study. Each participant performed two trials (i.e., control and mental fatigue) in a random and balanced order for 30‐min. The participants performed three sets of half back‐squat exercise to failure, with intensities of 50%, 70%, and 90% of 1RM with a passive recovery interval of 5‐min between sets. The intensity was randomized and counterbalanced, and the order was maintained in both conditions for the same subject. We assessed resistance training using the number of repetitions to failure and perceived effort and checked the mental fatigue subjectively and objectively. The participants in the mental fatigue condition presented a significantly increased perception of mental fatigue (p < 0.05) and reduced pupil diameter (p < 0.05). The number of repetitions were significantly lower for the 50 (p < 0.05) and 75% 1RM (p < 0.05) in the mental fatigue condition, but the 90% 1RM remained similar (p > 0.05). Also, the perceived effort showed significantly higher results for the 50 (p < 0.05) and 75% 1RM (p < 0.05) in the mental fatigue condition, but the 90% 1RM remained similar (p > 0.05). Then, this study showed that mental fatigue reduced resistance exercise performance for low‐ and mid‐intensity but not for high‐intensity.

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Brain activity and perceived exertion during cycling exercise: an fMRI study

Abstract: The present study offers a new approach to assess brain activation during dynamic cycling exercise, and suggests that specific brain areas could be involved in the sensations generating the rating of perceived exertion.

Cited by 67 publications

References 34 publications

Role of Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Self-Paced Exercise: What are We Actually Measuring?

Role of Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Self-Paced Exercise: What are We Actually Measuring?

Measuring the breathless brain: is real life too noisy?

Mental fatigue impairs the number of repetitions to muscular failure in the half back‐squat exercise for low‐ and mid‐ but not high‐intensity resistance exercise

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