Brain abscesses as a metastatic manifestation of strangles: symptomatology and the use of magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic aid

Spoormakers, T. J. P.; Ensink, J. M.; Goehring, Lutz S.; Koeman, J. P.; Braake, F. ter; Vlugt-Meijer, Roselinda H van der; Belt, A. J. M. van der

doi:10.2746/042516403776114153

Cited by 63 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…8,43,44 MRI of intracranial abscessation of horses has been described and appears to be a very useful diagnostic aid. 45,46 Nuclear scintigraphy using labeled autologous WBCs can also be attempted and may provide definitive evidence (Figure 14.2).…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System

Furr¹

2007

Equine Neurology

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Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System

Furr¹

2007

Equine Neurology

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“…; Spoormakers et al . ). The presence of bastard strangles can increase the mortality rate to as high as 62% (Ford and Lokai ).…”

Section: Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Strangles and its complications

Boyle

2016

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary Strangles, caused by the Gram‐positive bacteria Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi), is a highly contagious upper respiratory infection in horses. The infection is transmitted by inhalation or direct contact with mucopurulent discharge from an infected animal, resulting in fever, depression, and submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph node enlargement that can lead to respiratory distress. Complications include secondary cellulitis at external abscessation sites, guttural pouch empyema and its persistence into the carrier state, purpura haemorrhagica, metastatic abscessation, emergency tracheostomies and rarely secondary S. equi pneumonia or myositis. Control of outbreaks requires strict isolation protocols and hygiene measures. Detection methods of the index case and carrier state are constantly being refined to assist in the identification and prevention of disease perpetuation.

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“…MRI already has been proven successful in diagnosing brain masses in horses (Audigie et al 2004, Spoormakers et al 2003, Arencibia et al 2001, Westbrook and Kaut 1998 but there are no references to ependymomas in this species. Instead, Maulet et al (2008) described the MR appearance of cholesteatoma in the lateral ventricles of a horse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance imaging of an equine ependymoma

Leser¹,

Flatz²,

Brühschwein³

et al. 2013

PHK

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SummaryA 16-year-old Warmblood gelding was presented with head tilt and a history of increasing numbers of seizures with alterations in consciousness. After each seizure the horse was depressed and quiet whereas before the episodes the gelding was restless, distracted and showed signs of discomfort (chewing, rolling its eyes). In the interictal period the horse was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a third ventricle mass and ventriculomegaly of the third and lateral ventricles. Histology of the mass was consistent with a well differentiated ependymoma. Keywords Signalment, History, Clinical findingsA 16-year-old warmblood gelding was presented with a 1-year history of progressive changes in mentation and recurrent paroxysmal collapse since 4 weeks. On clinical examination vital parameters were within physiological range (heart rate 40/min, respiratory rate 16/min). Superficial abrasions were evident on the horses` hind limbs. On neurological examination, the gelding was depressed. The horse showed a normal gait while it revealed slight proprioceptive deficits and delayed limb placement correction. Cutaneus trunci reflex and slap test were normal. The horse displayed a mild head tilt to the left with absence of pathological nystagmus. Evaluation of the cranial nerves bilaterally revealed mid-sized nonresponsive pupils. Hence, pupillary light reflex could not be elicited while vision was not impaired. Tongue tone and cervical reflexes were physiological. Examination of tail carriage, anal tone and anal reflex revealed no abnormalities. An intracranial disease was suspected with involvement of the midbrain and reticular activating system. Laboratory examination of blood revealed no abnormal findings. As the owner wanted the diagnostics and treatment to be cost restrictive an attempt was made to rule out infectious or inflammatory conditions by administering drugs. The horse showed no improvement upon treatment with systemic antibiotics, steroids and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. The owner finally elected euthanasia and consented to extended postmortem examinations. ImagingA post-mortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the neurocranium was performed immediately after euthanasia and cervical transection. All scans were performed with a 1.5 Tesla magnet (Magnetom Symphony, Siemens Medizintechnik, Erlangen, Germany) equipped with a spine coil and CP body array flex coil. The head and cervical spine were placed in left lateral recumbency. Images of the head and brain were acquired with T2-weighted turbo spin-echo (T2W) sequences in sagittal, dorsal and transverse planes (TR 8810 msec; TE 105). A T1-weighted 3D gradient-echo (T1W) sequence with multiplanar reconstruction images in sagittal orientation was acquired (TR 350; TE 17). Scans were accomplished by additional Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR; TR 9130; TE 127; TI 2500) and a T2*-weighted gradient echo sequence (T2*W; TR 1000; TE 28) in transverse plane. Dorsal, transverse and sagittal images of the cranial cervical spine (C1-C4) we...

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Brain abscesses as a metastatic manifestation of strangles: symptomatology and the use of magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic aid

Cited by 63 publications

References 22 publications

Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System

Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System

Strangles and its complications

Magnetic resonance imaging of an equine ependymoma

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