Brain abnormalities in infantile esotropia as predictor for consecutive exotropia

Çalış, Feyza; Atilla, Hüban; Kızıltunç, Pınar Bingöl; Alay, Cem

doi:10.1080/09273972.2019.1677729

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Only one other report has described ventromedial strabismus in a dog with lissencephaly, which was associated with an orbital anatomical abnormality or short medial rectum muscle [7]. We assumed that maldevelopment of the primary visual cortex and visual motor control mechanism may lead to esotropia [16]. Humans with lissencephaly have visual abnormalities, including no ocular fixation or tracking, poor visual tracking, nystagmus, variable esotropia, oculomotor apraxia, optic nerve and macular hypoplasia/ atrophy, delayed visual maturation, and cortical visual impairment [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Lissencephaly in Shih Tzu dogs

et al. 2020

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Background: Lissencephaly is a brain malformation characterized by smooth and thickened cerebral surface, which may result in structural epilepsy. Lissencephaly is not common in veterinary medicine. Here, we characterize the first cases of lissencephaly in four Shih Tzu dogs, including clinical presentations and findings of magnetic resonance imaging of lissencephaly and several concomitant brain malformations. Case presentation: Early-onset acute signs of forebrain abnormalities were observed in all dogs, which were mainly cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. Based on neurological examination, the findings were consistent with symmetrical and bilateral forebrain lesions. Metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases were excluded. Magnetic resonance imaging for three dogs showed diffuse neocortical agyria and thickened gray matter while one dog had mixed agyria and pachygyria. Other features, such as internal hydrocephalus, supracollicular fluid accumulation, and corpus callosum hypoplasia, were detected concomitantly. Antiepileptic drugs effectively controlled cluster seizures, however, sporadic isolated seizures and signs of forebrain abnormalities, such as behavioral alterations, central blindness, and strabismus persisted. Conclusions: Lissencephaly should be considered an important differential diagnosis in Shih Tzu dogs presenting with early-onset signs of forebrain abnormalities, including cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. Magnetic resonance imaging was appropriate for ante-mortem diagnosis of lissencephaly and associated cerebral anomalies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Lissencephaly in Shih Tzu dogs

et al. 2020

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“…Some studies have analysed CXT patients’ development to identify the possible risk factors for this disease. Suggested risk factors for postoperative CXT include an excessive amount of surgery, postoperative limitations of adduction, brain abnormalities, absence of fusion, amblyopia, and vertical incomitance ( 1 , 5 – 7 ). Similar characteristic factors have also been linked with the development of spontaneous CXT ( 5 , 8 ), including high hypermetropia, amblyopia, and absence of fusion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and risk factors for spontaneous and postoperative consecutive exotropia in children with esotropia

Wen

et al. 2023

Front. Pediatr.

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BackgroundTo investigate the risk factors for the development of consecutive exotropia (CXT) by comparing patients with spontaneous or postoperative CXT during follow-up with another group of patients who had no deviation or less than 10 prism dioptre (PD) esotropia.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, 6 patients with spontaneous CXT (group A), 13 patients with postoperative CXT (group B), and 39 patients with no exotropia (group C) were enrolled. Probable risk factors for CXT were evaluated among the groups. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to determine if any significant differences were present among the groups. Fisher’s exact test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for univariate analyses to compare differences between case groups or between case and control groups. The Bonferroni method was used to conduct multiple comparisons.ResultsThe follow-up period of spontaneous CXT patients was significantly longer than that of postoperative CXT and nonconsecutive exotropia patients (p = 0.035 and p < 0.001, respectively). The interval between alignment and CXT onset in spontaneous CXT patients was slightly longer than that in postoperative CXT patients, but not significantly difference (6.50 vs. 5.00 years, p = 0.072). Vertical deviation was associated with a high risk of postoperative CXT (p = 0.001). Most [38 (97.44%)] nonconsecutive exotropia patients had fusion; conversely, the absence of fusion function (p < 0.001) as well as stereoacuity (p = 0.029) were associated with a high risk of CXT.ConclusionVertical deviation and poor binocular function are strongly associated with a high risk of CXT. Children with spontaneous CXT are highly recommended to be followed-up long-term, while they maintain long-term ocular alignment before developing consecutive exotropia from comitant esotropia (CE).

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