Brachycephalization in Japan has ceased

Kouchi, Makiko

doi:10.1002/1096-8644(200007)112:3<339::aid-ajpa5>3.0.co;2-6

Cited by 67 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Previous studies (Hossain et al, 2004(Hossain et al, , 2005 and others (Ohtsuki and Ito, 1980;Kouchi, 2000) showed that the association of head breadth (positive) and head length (negative) with the CI. Those results suggested that if head breadth Same notations as Table 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…However, the present findings are based on female data. Previous studies (Kouchi, 2000;Hossain et al, 2004Hossain et al, , 2005 demonstrated that males and females showed the same tendency of brachycephalization/debrachycephalization in Japan and head breadth was positively associated with CI for both sexes. As far as we know there are no comparable studies available that document the relationship between the CI and craniofacial measurements; consequently, the present findings cannot be compared to other studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Some researchers reported that progressive brachycephalization has been present since the Kamakura era , and the rate of increase in the CI of Japanese adults in the last hundred years has been extremely high. Recently, Kouchi (2000) and Hossain et al (2004Hossain et al ( , 2005 found that the increase in CI in Japanese was mainly affected by the increase of head breadth. CI is a ratio of head breadth and head length; obviously these two measurements are related to CI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of craniofacial measures on the cephalic index of Japanese adult female students

Hossain

Sabiruzzaman

Islam

et al. 2010

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This study was designed to identify possible craniofacial measurements that have an influence on the cephalic index (CI) of Japanese adult females. The total sample used in the current study consisted of 832 healthy Japanese adults. The subjects were all of Japanese birth and ancestry. The age range of the subjects was between 18-25 years. Eight craniofacial measurements were taken: head length, head breadth, head height, head circumference, minimum frontal breadth, bizygomatic breadth, bigonial breadth, and morphological face height. In addition, stature and body weight were also measured. All measurements were taken by one observer from 1998 to 2001. The CI was calculated from head length and head breadth. Using multiple regression analysis, a variance inflation factor (VIF) demonstrated that there was no evidence of a multicollinearity problem among the variables when CI was considered as a response variable. The coefficients of the regression line demonstrated that there was a significant positive relationship between the CI and minimum frontal breadth (P < 0.01), bizygomatic breadth (P < 0.01) and head height (P < 0.05), while a negative relationship was found between the CI and morphological facial height (P < 0.05) and head circumference (P < 0.01). Moreover, the coefficient and odds ratio of the logistic regression showed that minimum frontal breadth (P < 0.05), bizygomatic breadth (P < 0.01), and head height (P < 0.05) were more likely in the roundheaded group, while morphological facial height (P < 0.05), head circumference (P < 0.01), and stature (P < 0.05) were less likely in the round-headed group. Stepwise regression analysis showed that with respect to the CI, the best predictor variables were bizygomatic breadth, head circumference, minimum frontal breadth, morphological facial height, head height, and stature. These results suggest that most of the craniofacial variables measured appear to influence the CI of Japanese adult female students.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of craniofacial measures on the cephalic index of Japanese adult female students

Hossain

Sabiruzzaman

Islam

et al. 2010

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“…Furthermore, our sample was not geographically diverse. The fact that increases in stature are correlated to brachycephalization in Japan but to dolichocephalization in Europe (Kouchi, 2000) suggests that the pattern of morphological variability of the modern human cranium may be affected by environmental factors. Including cranial specimens from different populations for analysis is a crucial issue for future research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional endocranial shape variation in the modern Japanese population

Morita

Amano

Ogihara

2015

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Quantifying variation in human endocranial shape is important for interpreting the morphogenetic mechanisms of endocranial morphologies, as endocranial morphology has emerged from modification of the ontogenetic processes in the course of human evolution. We therefore analyzed patterns of morphological variability in endocranial shape among the modern Japanese population using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. After generating virtual endocasts of cranial specimens based on computed tomography scans, we defined a total of 171 conventional anatomical and sliding semi-landmarks on the endocranial surface. The brachycephalic/dolichocephalic tendency was the most frequently identified endocranial shape variation. In addition, we found that a smaller endocranium tended to be associated with a relatively larger cerebellar region accompanied by a flat, depressed parietal region and a more superiorly located frontal pole. Asymmetric shape variability possibly resulting from petalia was also observed, indicating that global brain asymmetry is related to endocranial shape. The present description of endocranial shape variability may contribute to the comparative understanding of the evolution of the endocast morphology of fossil hominins.

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“…Three human crania with no documented population background, which were selected from medical education osteological collections, were medium-sized and had cephalic indices ranging from 0.7 to 0.8. The average modern Japanese would be the most circular (brachycephalic, 0.86) (Kouchi, 2000) amongst the variation of this index in our cranial database. The lowest index (0.20) was calculated for a giant anteater (DKY-2186).…”

Section: Contents Of Mcpa2mentioning

confidence: 90%

Cranial photographs of mammals on the web: the Mammalian Crania Photographic Archive (MCPA2) and a comparison of bone image databases

Takahashi

Yamashita

Shigehara

2006

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The Mammalian Crania Photographic Archive (MCPA2) is a website (http://1kai.dokkyomed.ac.jp/mammal/en/mammal.html) that includes a collection of 10,950 photographs of mammalian crania, which have been taken with a high-resolution digital camera. In the present report, we outline the characteristics of MCPA2 and how it was created, and make brief comparisons with several similar websites currently accessible via the internet. The archived MCPA2 materials include 1825 cranial specimens, ranging from insectivores to elephants, which have been macerated in Japan during the past 35 years and prepared for osteological study. Of the 16 orders represented in the database, primates comprise the major group with 704 specimens. Each cranium was placed with the orbitomeatal (Frankfort) or palatine plane horizontal, and was photographed in six perpendicular views from a long distance using a telephoto or telemacro lens. These long-distance shots decrease perspective distortion that lead to measurement errors when studying cranial profiles and landmark positions, and enable detailed observation and measurement of specific bony characteristics on a computer screen. From our website, images can be searched using (1) the taxonomic table, (2) Japanese name, (3) English name, and (4) scientific name. In the page of search results, in addition to the images, four caliper measurements and additional text (taxonomy, sex, and age) are available for every specimen.

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Brachycephalization in Japan has ceased

Cited by 67 publications

References 25 publications

Effect of craniofacial measures on the cephalic index of Japanese adult female students

Effect of craniofacial measures on the cephalic index of Japanese adult female students

Three-dimensional endocranial shape variation in the modern Japanese population

Cranial photographs of mammals on the web: the Mammalian Crania Photographic Archive (MCPA2) and a comparison of bone image databases

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