“…The most prominent characteristic of the lake is the occurrence of floating heterogeneous masses of soil, vegetation and organic matter at various stages of decomposition, known locally as phumdis (e.g. WAPCOS 1988, Singh and Shyamananda 1994, LDA and WISA 2003. The Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP), located in the southern part of the lake within an extensive areas of phumdis, is the only floating wildlife sanctuary in the world (Trisal and Manihar 2004).…”
Section: Loktak Lakementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Sugarcane and citrus fruits are the main cash crops. Due to its socio-economic importance and rich biodiversity, Loktak Lake was designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention (LDA 1996, Singh andShyamananda 1994) in 1990. It is also listed as a priority wetland for intensive conservation and management by the Government of India (Trisal andManihar 2004, MoEF 2007).…”
Water levels within Loktak Lake, an internationally important wetland, are regulated to prioritize hydropower over other ecosystem services. High water levels have impacted ecological conditions, in particular floating vegetated islands. Barrage operation options prioritizing hydropower, agriculture and the lake ecosystem are developed using a lake water balance model. Current hydropower abstractions can be maintained without ecologically damaging high water levels. Enhanced agricultural abstractions reduce levels to meet ecological requirements. The latter could be satisfied without compromising current hydropower and agricultural abstractions. An integrated option shows it is largely possible to balance hydropower and agricultural abstractions with wetland water-level requirements. Sustainability of barrage operation options is assessed under climate change scenarios. Higher monsoon precipitation and river flow can be accommodated. Larger dry-season drawdowns impact most barrage operation options, especially the integrated option. Results demonstrate the requirement to consider current and potential future climatic conditions when developing wetland water-level management plans.
“…The most prominent characteristic of the lake is the occurrence of floating heterogeneous masses of soil, vegetation and organic matter at various stages of decomposition, known locally as phumdis (e.g. WAPCOS 1988, Singh and Shyamananda 1994, LDA and WISA 2003. The Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP), located in the southern part of the lake within an extensive areas of phumdis, is the only floating wildlife sanctuary in the world (Trisal and Manihar 2004).…”
Section: Loktak Lakementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Sugarcane and citrus fruits are the main cash crops. Due to its socio-economic importance and rich biodiversity, Loktak Lake was designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention (LDA 1996, Singh andShyamananda 1994) in 1990. It is also listed as a priority wetland for intensive conservation and management by the Government of India (Trisal andManihar 2004, MoEF 2007).…”
Water levels within Loktak Lake, an internationally important wetland, are regulated to prioritize hydropower over other ecosystem services. High water levels have impacted ecological conditions, in particular floating vegetated islands. Barrage operation options prioritizing hydropower, agriculture and the lake ecosystem are developed using a lake water balance model. Current hydropower abstractions can be maintained without ecologically damaging high water levels. Enhanced agricultural abstractions reduce levels to meet ecological requirements. The latter could be satisfied without compromising current hydropower and agricultural abstractions. An integrated option shows it is largely possible to balance hydropower and agricultural abstractions with wetland water-level requirements. Sustainability of barrage operation options is assessed under climate change scenarios. Higher monsoon precipitation and river flow can be accommodated. Larger dry-season drawdowns impact most barrage operation options, especially the integrated option. Results demonstrate the requirement to consider current and potential future climatic conditions when developing wetland water-level management plans.
“…For example, the conversion of the extensive seasonal marshes of Lake Kolleru on the eastern coast of India into large fi sh tanks has resulted in a steep decline in biodiversity (Gopal 1991). Similarly, Lake Loktak (Manipur, India), once a seasonally fl ooded shallow lake, has been converted into a permanent reservoir with a consequent loss of biodiversity (Singh and Singh 1995).…”
“…The park's phumdi is very rich in plant diversity. About 48 species of plants have been recorded in the park (Singh and Singh, 1994), 145 species by Singh (2002b), Deb (1961a listed 125 species, Sinha (1990 a, b) recorded 157 species of wet land species, Singh (2002a) recorded ethnobotanically uses of 24 plants on the phumdi of Loktak Lake and Trisal and Manihar (2004) described the highest number of 132 plant species in KLNP. Some floating plants are the primary plants involved in the formation of the phumdi.…”
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