Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in heterologous species

Abstract

Infections with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are not limited to cattle, but may be detected in various species in the mammalian order Artiodactyla. Despite epidemiological evidence of BVDV infections in species other than cattle, current knowledge regarding the impact of BVDV on heterologous species is incomplete. In heterologous hosts, BVDV infections with clinical signs analogous to those in cattle have been described and include disease of multiple organ systems, most notably the reproductive tract and immune system. Clinical infections may negatively impact the health and well-being of heterologous species, including camelids and captive and free-ranging wildlife. Of additional importance are BVDV infections in small ruminants and swine where difficulties arise in laboratory testing for Border disease virus (BDV) and Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), respectively. Pestiviruses are antigenically closely related and their cross-reactivity requires additional efforts in virological testing. In cattle populations, persistently infected animals are considered the main source of BVDV transmission. This phenomenon has also been detected in heterologous species, which could facilitate reservoirs for BVDV that may be of great importance where control programs are in progress. This review summarizes the current epidemiological and clinical knowledge on heterologous BVDV infections and discusses their implications.

The Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses

“…There will be a clear focus on the molecular biology of these viruses restricting description of pathogenesis and epidemiology of pestivirus-induced diseases and the details of exotic pestivirus classification to a necessary minimum. For further information, the reader is referred to other excellent reports (Baker, 1987;Bauermann, Ridpath, Weiblen, & Flores, 2013;Brackenbury, Carr, & Charleston, 2003;Chase, 2013;Hamers et al, 2001;Lindberg, 2003;Luo, Li, Sun, & Qiu, 2014;Moennig, 2000;Moennig, Floegel-Niesmann, & GreiserWilke, 2003;Moennig, Houe, & Lindberg, 2005;Moennig & Plagemann, 1992;Passler & Walz, 2010;Ridpath, 2003Ridpath, , 2010Simmonds et al, 2012;Tao et al, 2013;Thiel et al, 1996;Vilcek & Nettleton, 2006).…”

The European hare ( Lepus europaeus ) as a potential wild reservoir for ruminant pestiviruses

“…Ruminant pestivirus species, Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) type 1 and type 2, and Border Disease Virus (BDV), have been described affecting several wild and domestic Artiodactyla species (Passler and Walz, 2010;Ridpath, 2010;Vilček and Nettleton, 2006). This wide range of potential hosts, the high mutation rate of the virus and its capability to originate persistently infected (PI) animals allow these viruses to persist in ruminant populations (Dubois et al, 2008;Nettleton et al, 1998).…”

Distribution of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Antigen in Persistently Infected White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

“…In addition to cattle, BVDV is able to establish permissive infections in various domestic and freeranging species in the mammalian order Artiodactyla (Passler and Walz, 2010). The implications of BVDV infections in species other than cattle are incompletely understood.…”