Bovine viral diarrhea virus: An updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination

Abstract

Consensus Statements of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) provide the veterinary community with up-to-date information on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of clinically important animal diseases. The ACVIM Board of Regents oversees selection of relevant topics, identification of panel members with the expertise to draft the statements, and other aspects of assuring the integrity of the process. The statements are derived from evidence-based medicine whenever possible and the panel offers interpretive comments when such evidence is inadequate or contradictory. A draft is prepared by the panel, followed by solicitation of input by the ACVIM membership which may be incorporated into the statement. It is then submitted to the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, where it is edited prior to publication. The authors are solely responsible for the content of the statements.

Bovine Pestivirus Heterogeneity and Its Potential Impact on Vaccination and Diagnosis

“…Bovine pestivirus diversity, heterologous hosts and the emergence of novel ruminant pestiviruses all pose a significant challenge to control and vaccination [ 10 ]. Vaccine efficacy studies should include challenges with heterotypic bovine pestivirus species and vaccines will have to be designed with at least Pestivirus A, B and H (BVDV-1, -2 and -3) in mind.…”

“…Conversely, publications have demonstrated the infection of cattle with Pestivirus D (border disease virus) normally associated with the infection of small ruminants, including the ability to establish a persistent infection in bulls [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. There is a need to understand the role of heterologous hosts in the transmission, spill over and emergence of bovine pestiviruses [ 10 ].…”

“…The underlying pathogenesis of BNP is far from being fully resolved as blood transfusion to affected calves was not sufficient to overcome this problem. The nature of alloreactive antibodies associated with BNP [ 67 ] remains debatable, with bovine MHC class I molecules suggested to be the alloantigens responsible [ 10 , 68 , 69 ]. It is worth noting that BNP affected only some dams in some herds, thus an unresolved genetic component also seems to have played a role.…”

Development and comparison of cross-linking and non-crosslinking probe-gold nanoparticle hybridization assays for direct detection of unamplified bovine viral diarrhea virus-RNA

“…Under this new classification, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 correspond to Pestivirus A and Pestivirus B, respectively. In the current study, we used previous names consistent with previous studies [ 2 ]. BVDV has a positive sense, the single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome, with an open reading frame (ORF) located between 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (5’UTR, 3’UTR) [ 3 ].…”

Development and Comparison of Cross-Linking and Non-Crosslinking Probe-Gold Nanoparticle Hybridization Assays for Direct Detection of Unamplified Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-RNA

“…Under this new classi cation, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 correspond to Pestivirus A and Pestivirus B, respectively. In the current study, we used previous names consistent with previous studies [2]. BVDV has a positive sense, the single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome, with an open reading frame (ORF) located between 5' and 3' untranslated regions (5'UTR, 3'UTR) [3].…”