“…Piperine, the main component of Piper longum, an alkaloid used in traditional Indian medicine, has shown immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties (Kumar et al, 2015). Boerhavia diffusa phytochemicals include alkaloids, flavonoids, rotenoids, and phytosterols with various pharmacological properties such as analgesic, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and nephroprotective effects (Kumar et al, 2018), although their nutraceutical properties have not been evaluated in ruminants. Solanum xanthocarpum has hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties (Nithya et al, 2018), while Hedychium spicatum is used for respiratory disorders, as an analgesic, and for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities (Sravani and Paarakh, 2011), although studies on animals are limited.…”