Bovine rabies in Turkey: patterns of infection and implications for costs and control

Vos, Ad; Ün, Hikmet; Hampson, Katie; Balogh, Katinka de; Aylan, O.; Freuling, Conrad Martin; Müller, Thomas; Fooks, Anthony R.; Johnson, Nicholas

doi:10.1017/s0950268813002811

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, in domestic animals this should not differ significantly between countries. Therefore, the positivity rate of 66% in cattle (95%CI: 63–70) is almost twice as high as the figure (38.6%, 95%CI: 35.9–41.4) from an epidemiological study on cattle rabies in Turkey [48]. The highest positivity rate of 87% (95%CI: 75–94) was seen in jackals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Ecology and epidemiology of rabies in humans, domestic animals and wildlife in Namibia, 2011-2017

Hikufe¹,

Freuling²,

Athingo³

et al. 2019

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that causes a heavy burden on societies. Namibia, a country in southern Africa, is aiming at controlling the disease in its main reservoir, the domestic dog. To facilitate the implementation comprehensive information on the ecology and epidemiology of the disease and surveillance is of utmost importance. The study presented assesses the baseline data for both human and animal rabies surveillance in Namibia in recent times and establishes correlations with ecological and socio-economic data in order to provide an up-to-date picture on the epidemiology of rabies in Namibia. For instance, it was important to identify the main drivers in the epidemiology, and whether the control strategy by mass vaccination of dogs is undermined by cycles of rabies in wildlife. Rabies in humans was reported mainly from the Northern Communal Areas (NCAs), with a total of 113 cases from 2011 to 2017, representing an incidence of between 1.0 and 2.4 annual human rabies deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Kavango, the region with the highest human rabies incidence was also the region with the lowest animal rabies surveillance intensity. Generally, the vast majority (77%) of dog samples originated from communal farm land, followed by urban areas (17%), while only a small fraction (3%) was submitted from freehold farm areas. In contrast, kudu and eland submissions were almost exclusively from freehold farmland (76%) and urban areas (19%), whereas the submission of cattle samples was evenly distributed among freehold farms (46%) and communal farm land (46%). The likelihood of sample submission decreased exponentially with distance to one of the two laboratories. Overall, 67% (N = 1,907) of all samples submitted tested rabies-positive, with the highest positivity rate observed in kudus (89%) and jackals (87%). The transmission cycle of rabies in dogs appears restricted to the northern communal areas of Namibia, whilst rabies in wildlife species is predominately reported from farmland in central Namibia, mostly affecting kudu ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and livestock with a likely reservoir in wildlife canids such as jackals or bat-eared foxes. The analysis confirms the presence of two independent transmission cycles in Namibia with little geographic overlap, thus allowing for a sustainable control of rabies in dogs in the NCAs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Ecology and epidemiology of rabies in humans, domestic animals and wildlife in Namibia, 2011-2017

Hikufe¹,

Freuling²,

Athingo³

et al. 2019

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…However, we expect that the price of a cow will account for part of this cost. Second, although almost 90% of reported VBR outbreaks in Peruvian livestock involve cattle [ 15 ], even greater under-reporting of less valued livestock species (e.g., goats, pigs) is likely [ 46 ]. Third, the average number of deaths per outbreak was reported in the surveillance system as the number of dead or sick animals during the SENASA visit, but additional animals that died after the visit would not have been included in our estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the burden of vampire bat rabies in Peruvian livestock

Benavides

Paniagua²,

Hampson

et al. 2017

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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BackgroundKnowledge of infectious disease burden is necessary to appropriately allocate resources for prevention and control. In Latin America, rabies is among the most important zoonoses for human health and agriculture, but the burden of disease attributed to its main reservoir, the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus), remains uncertain.Methodology/Principal findingsWe used questionnaires to quantify under-reporting of livestock deaths across 40 agricultural communities with differing access to health resources and epidemiological histories of vampire bat rabies (VBR) in the regions of Apurimac, Ayacucho and Cusco in southern Peru. Farmers who believed VBR was absent from their communities were one third as likely to report livestock deaths from disease as those who believed VBR was present, and under-reporting increased with distance from reporting offices. Using generalized mixed-effect models that captured spatial autocorrelation in reporting, we project 4.6 (95% CI: 4.4–8.2) rabies cases per reported case and identify geographic areas with potentially greater VBR burden than indicated by official reports. Spatially-corrected models estimate 505–724 cattle deaths from VBR in our study area during 2014 (421–444 deaths/100,000 cattle), costing US$121,797–171,992. Cost benefit analysis favoured vaccinating all cattle over the current practice of partial vaccination or halting vaccination all together.ConclusionsOur study represents the first estimate of the burden of VBR in Latin America to incorporate data on reporting rates. We confirm the long-suspected cost of VBR to small-scale farmers and show that vaccinating livestock is a cost-effective solution to mitigate the burden of VBR. More generally, results highlight that ignoring geographic variation in access to health resources can bias estimates of disease burden and risk.

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“…The incidence of rabies in livestock is an important factor for estimating the economic impact of the disease [15] . However, rabies in livestock has not been studied thoroughly, and the impact of rabies has been reported in a limited number of papers [16] , [17] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twelve Years of Rabies Surveillance in Sri Lanka, 1999–2010

et al. 2014

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BackgroundRabies is endemic in Sri Lanka, but little is known about the temporal and spatial trends of rabies in this country. Knowing these trends may provide insight into past control efforts and serve as the basis for future control measures. In this study, we analyzed distribution of rabies in humans and animals over a period of 12 years in Sri Lanka.MethodsAccumulated data from 1999 through 2010 compiled by the Department of Rabies Diagnosis and Research, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Colombo, were used in this study.ResultsThe yearly mean percentage of rabies-positive sample was 62.4% (47.6–75.9%). Three-fourths of the rabies-positive samples were from the Colombo, Gampaha, and Kalutara districts in Western province, followed by Galle in Southern province. A high percentage of the rabies samples were from dogs (85.2%), followed by cats (7.9%), humans (3.8%), wild animals (2.0%), and livestock (1.1%). Among wild animals, mongooses were the main victims followed by civets. The number of suspect human rabies cases decreased gradually in Sri Lanka, although the number of human samples submitted for laboratory confirmation increased.ConclusionsThe number of rabid dogs has remained relatively unchanged, but the number of suspect human rabies is decreasing gradually in Sri Lanka. These findings indicate successful use of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) by animal bite victims and increased rabies awareness. PEP is free of charge and is supplied through government hospitals by the Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka. Our survey shows that most positive samples were received from Western and Southern provinces, possibly because of the ease of transporting samples to the laboratory. Submissions of wild animal and livestock samples should be increased by creating more awareness among the public. Better rabies surveillance will require introduction of molecular methods for detection and the establishment of more regional rabies diagnostic laboratories.

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Bovine rabies in Turkey: patterns of infection and implications for costs and control

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

Ecology and epidemiology of rabies in humans, domestic animals and wildlife in Namibia, 2011-2017

Ecology and epidemiology of rabies in humans, domestic animals and wildlife in Namibia, 2011-2017

Quantifying the burden of vampire bat rabies in Peruvian livestock

Twelve Years of Rabies Surveillance in Sri Lanka, 1999–2010

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