Bovine Pasteurellosis and Other Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract

Griffin, Dee

doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.010

Cited by 53 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…1,19,24,43,72,82 The observed increase in nasal prevalence of M. haemolytica between depot entry and resampling is likely to be due to the proliferation of commensal bacteria following inhibition of the immune system secondary to environmental stressors (e.g., transportation, comingling, and inter-animal transmission of viruses and bacteria). 28,56 However, rhythmic variation in the presence or absence of M. haemolytica in the nasal secretions of healthy calves has been reported previously. 43 An association between a higher prevalence of M. haemolytica in nasal swab samples and clinical respiratory disease has been found in some studies 1,72 but not others.…”

Section: 33mentioning

confidence: 91%

Estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in Australian live export cattle

et al. 2014

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Abstract. The prevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was investigated in cattle prior to export. A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect nucleic acids from the following viruses and bacteria in nasal swab samples: Bovine coronavirus (BoCV; Betacoronavirus 1), Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida. Between 2010 and 2012, nasal swabs were collected from 1,484 apparently healthy cattle destined for export to the Middle East and Russian Federation. In addition, whole blood samples from 334 animals were tested for antibodies to BoHV-1, BRSV, BVDV-1, and BPIV-3 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The nasal prevalence of BoCV at the individual animal level was 40.1%. The nasal and seroprevalence of BoHV-1, BRSV, BVDV-1, and BPIV-3 was 1.0% and 39%, 1.2% and 46%, 3.0% and 56%, and 1.4% and 87%, respectively. The nasal prevalence of H. somni, M. bovis, M. haemolytica, and P. multocida was 42%, 4.8%, 13.4%, and 26%, respectively. Significant differences in nasal and seroprevalence were detected between groups of animals from different geographical locations. The results of the current study provide baseline data on the prevalence of organisms associated with BRD in Australian live export cattle in the preassembly period. This data could be used to develop strategies for BRD prevention and control prior to loading. Nasal shedding and seroprevalence of BRD in live export cattle 7 Export of Livestock, Standard 3, http://www.agriculture.gov. au/biosecurity/export/live-animals/advisory-notices/2011/ export_advisory_notice_2011-01). Time in the assembly depot allows the animals to recover from road transport, acclimatize to shipboard rations, and receive any health checks or treatments required by the importing country. However, comingling, handling, and sorting of animals that have been recently transported from multiple farms also provides an ideal environment for transmission of viruses and bacteria between animals in the assembly depot.Viruses implicated in the pathogenesis of BRD include Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Bovine coronavirus (BoCV), bovine rhinoviruses, and bovine adenoviruses. Bovine rhinoviruses and adenoviruses probably have only a minimal role in the pathogenesis of BRD, while BoHV-1, BPIV-3, and BRSV are recognized as primary respiratory pathogens, and BVDV-1 as a significant predisposing pathogen (reviewed in previous publications 20,52 ). Since its first isolation in association with respiratory disease in 1993, 67 BoCV has received attention as an emerging BRD pathogen, and is now thought to make a substantial contribution to the development of BRD in feedlot cattle. 59,65Mannheimia haemo...

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Section: 33mentioning

confidence: 91%

Estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in Australian live export cattle

et al. 2014

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“…1). Despite its wide use as a veterinary macrolide, tylosin is not particularly effective at penetrating the outer membrane of Gram-negative pathogens (Table 1), and the substitutions in tildipirosin were made to improve efficacy against Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida, which are the two main etiological agents of bovine respiratory disease (8,22). Tildipirosin has additionally proven effective against Histophilus somni, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and Haemophilus parasuis (6), which can also be associated with animal respiratory diseases.…”

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confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis on the Ribosome by Tildipirosin Compared with Other Veterinary Macrolides

Andersen

Poehlsgaard

Warrass

et al. 2012

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Tildipirosin is a 16-membered-ring macrolide developed to treat bacterial pathogens, including Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida, that cause respiratory tract infections in cattle and swine. Here we evaluated the efficacy of tildipirosin at inhibiting protein synthesis on the ribosome (50% inhibitory concentration [IC 50 ], 0.23 ؎ 0.01 M) and compared it with the established veterinary macrolides tylosin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin. Mutation and methylation at key rRNA nucleotides revealed differences in the interactions of these macrolides within their common ribosomal binding site. Recent approval has been given in Europe and the United States for the use of tildipirosin (20,23-dipiperidinyl-mycaminosyltylonolide; Zuprevo) in combating bovine and swine respiratory tract infections. Tildipirosin is a derivative of the natural compound tylosin with two piperidine rings and no mycarose sugar (Fig. 1). Despite its wide use as a veterinary macrolide, tylosin is not particularly effective at penetrating the outer membrane of Gram-negative pathogens (Table 1), and the substitutions in tildipirosin were made to improve efficacy against Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida, which are the two main etiological agents of bovine respiratory disease (8,22). Tildipirosin has additionally proven effective against Histophilus somni, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and Haemophilus parasuis (6), which can also be associated with animal respiratory diseases. Different arrangements of hydrophobic and basic substituents are present in an earlier tylosin derivative, tilmicosin (20-dimethylpiperidinyl-mycaminosyltylonolide; Micotil) and the 15-membered triamilide tulathromycin (Draxxin) (Fig. 1), which are used for similar indications.Here we quantified the inhibitory activity of tildipirosin (MSD Animal Health) on protein synthesis and compare it with tylosin, tilmicosin (Sigma), and tulathromycin (extracted from Draxxin [Pfizer]). The concentration of each macrolide that inhibits 50% of protein synthesis (IC 50 ) was determined in an in vitro transcription/translation assay, and the effects of methylations and mutations at rRNA nucleotides within the macrolide binding site were evaluated in cell cultures. The data have been visualized using computationally calculated models of the binding site and reveal subtle differences in macrolide contacts, indicating how changes in the rRNA target have distinct effects on drug efficacy.An in vitro transcription/translation system based on cell extracts containing susceptible, wild-type Escherichia coli ribosomes (Promega) was adapted to translate the 27-kDa green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP mRNA was transcribed from 3 g of plasmid pIVEX (Roche) in 50 l of 100 mM piperazine-N,N=-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES)-KOH (pH 7.9), 5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.5 mM CaCl 2 , 100 mM KCl, 5 mM NH 4 Cl, 1 mM dithiothreitol, and 1 mM spermidine and translated to produce [35 S]methioninelabeled protein. Synthesis was followed over 155 min with macrolide an...

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“…These bacteria are the etiological agents of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, which is one of the major respiratory tract infections afflicting beef cattle (13,31). This form of pneumonia can generally be successfully treated with macrolides or other antibiotics such as aminocylitols, amphenicols, ␤-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, or tetracyclines.…”

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confidence: 99%

Combinations of Macrolide Resistance Determinants in Field Isolates of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida

Desmolaize

Rose

Wilhelm³

et al. 2011

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Respiratory tract infections in cattle are commonly associated with the bacterial pathogens Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. These infections can generally be successfully treated in the field with one of several groups of antibiotics, including macrolides. A few recent isolates of these species exhibit resistance to veterinary macrolides with phenotypes that fall into three distinct classes. The first class has type I macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B antibiotic resistance and, consistent with this, the 23S rRNA nucleotide A2058 is monomethylated by the enzyme product of the erm(42) gene. The second class shows no lincosamide resistance and lacks erm(42) and concomitant 23S rRNA methylation. Sequencing of the genome of a representative strain from this class, P. multocida 3361, revealed macrolide efflux and phosphotransferase genes [respectively termed msr(E) and mph(E)] that are arranged in tandem and presumably expressed from the same promoter. The third class exhibits the most marked drug phenotype, with high resistance to all of the macrolides tested, and possesses all three resistance determinants. The combinations of erm(42), msr(E), and mph(E) are chromosomally encoded and intermingled with other exogenous genes, many of which appear to have been transferred from other members of the Pasteurellaceae. The presence of some of the exogenous genes explains recent reports of resistance to additional drug classes. We have expressed recombinant versions of the erm(42), msr(E), and mph(E) genes within an isogenic Escherichia coli background to assess their individually contributions to resistance. Our findings indicate what types of compounds might have driven the selection for these resistance determinants.The Pasteurellaceae contain several pathogenic species the most common of which are Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica), Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni (formerly Haemophilus somnus). These bacteria are the etiological agents of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, which is one of the major respiratory tract infections afflicting beef cattle (13,31). This form of pneumonia can generally be successfully treated with macrolides or other antibiotics such as aminocylitols, amphenicols, ␤-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, or tetracyclines. However, if undetected, untreated, or inappropriately managed, the disease can develop rapidly causing high rates of morbidity and mortality in feedlots, with an estimated loss over $3 billion per year (34). Potential complications to the treatment of infections are now evident with the recent emergence of resistant M. haemolytica and P. multocida strains (16, 36). The mechanisms of resistance in these strains have been characterized for most drugs (16), with the notable exception of macrolides such as tilmicosin, tulathromycin, and gamithromycin that are used in veterinary medicine (36).The lack of specific knowledge about macrolide resistance in the Pasteurellaceae contrasts with the broad general understanding o...

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Bovine Pasteurellosis and Other Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract

Cited by 53 publications

References 62 publications

Estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in Australian live export cattle

Estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in Australian live export cattle

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis on the Ribosome by Tildipirosin Compared with Other Veterinary Macrolides

Combinations of Macrolide Resistance Determinants in Field Isolates of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida

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