Bovine nucleoprotein transitions genes and protein abundance as valuable markers of sperm motility and the correlation with fertility

Sperm HSP70: may not be an age-dependent gene but is associated with field fertility in Bali bulls (Bos sondaicus)

“…AI generally uses frozen semen produced through cryopreservation and from superior bulls, including Bali bulls. Frozen semen used for AI is categorized as of good quality if it has progressive motility of more than 40% ( Pardede et al, 2024 ), the acrosome is intact, not-fragmented DNA, and it contains sperm with abnormal morphology <15% so that they can produce optimal fertility levels ( Rezaei et al, 2020 ). Pardede et al (2020a) reported that semen quality is closely related to bull fertility.…”

“… Pardede et al (2022) reported that although the quality of semen met specific requirements and was considered to be of good quality, three out of six bulls in the field showed a low fertility rate (<50%). Recent research has found various gene and protein molecules in spermatozoa that play an essential role in the reproductive process of bulls, mainly the physiological functions of sperm oocytes, which are believed to be able to predict bull fertility accurately ( Özbek et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2016 ; Pardede et al, 2024 ; Rosyada et al, 2023a ). Furthermore, this is due to the involvement of more complex molecular mechanisms in spermatozoa, including the loss of spermatozoa surface protein required for fertilization ( Li et al, 2016 ).…”