“…Furthermore, using MHV/BCoV chimera, a region downstream of SL5 was revealed to be engaged in long-range interactions with the nsp1-coding region, possibly forming an extensive higher-order RNA structure (Guan et al, 2012). Furthermore, a mutagenesis study using BCoV DI RNA indicated that this multipartite RNA structure may involve several SL substructures identified in earlier studies (Gustin et al, 2009;Raman and Brian, 2005) but require refolding of other RNA structures suggested earlier to be essential for DI RNA replication (Brown et al, 2007). A recent study provided evidence that a short oligopeptide from the N-terminal domain of nsp1 may be an essential cisacting protein factor involved in betacoronavirus replication, thus adding to the multiple other functions of this protein (Brockway and Denison, 2005;Huang et al, 2011a,b;Kamitani et al, 2006Kamitani et al, , 2009Lei et al, 2013;Lokugamage et al, 2012;Narayanan et al, 2008a;Tanaka et al, 2012;Tohya et al, 2009;Wathelet et al, 2007;Z€ ust et al, 2007).…”