“…Medical image learning ( Zhou et al, 2021 ; Qiao et al, 2022 ) is developing rapidly based on the emergence of machine learning ( Song et al, 2021a ; Song et al, 2021b ; Xie et al, 2021 ; Song et al, 2022a ; Song et al, 2022b ; Li et al, 2022 ; Wang et al, 2022 ) and neural network ( Meng et al, 2021a ; Meng et al, 2021b ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Qiao et al, 2022 ), thereby dramatically assists radiologist alleviating workload during reading computed tomography (CT) ( Meng et al, 2022 ) images in computer-aided detection/diagnosis (CADe/CADx) ( Wang et al, 2022 ). Meanwhile, universal lesion detection (ULD) ( Li et al, 2022 ) is an important topic to develop a universal or multicategory CADe/CADx 3D framework, which needs to feed an annotated dataset on computed tomography (CT) ( Yan et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2021 ). However, an exactly annotated dataset is impossible to get because of expensive manual labeling costs with the increasing number of CT images as well as the long-tailed distribution of disease species.…”