Boundary layer control by water pennies (Coleoptera: Psephenidae)

Smith, Jenny A.; Dartnall, Alan J.

doi:10.1080/01650428009361008

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Small-scale hydrological processes may retain the excreted ammonium near the host seaweed, thus potentially reducing the scale of the interaction to the single plant. Diffusion boundary layers around seaweeds are likely to be SO.2 mm thick (Johnston et al 1992;Hurd et al 1996), so are too thin to enclose epifauna of the size range examined in the present study (>0.355-mm sieve size), unless the boundary layer extends outward to surround the animals (Smith and Dartnall 1980). However, the body of water within the frond matrix of many seaweeds may be "trapped" by the plant structure to a certain extent, increasing the ammonium retention time (Gaylord et al 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Excretory products of mobile epifauna as a nitrogen source for seaweeds

Taylor¹,

Rees²

1998

Limnology & Oceanography

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The potential for excretory product of mobile epifauna to be source of nitrogen for seaweeds was investegated for the fucalean alga Carpophyllum plumosum var. capillifolium at Matheson Bay, northeastern New Zealand.The epifauna excreted an average of 1.5–2.1 times as much nitrogen as the plants were using. A comparison of rates at which the plants took up ammonium with turnover rates of water in the bed indicated that the plants could derive, on average, up to 79% of the nitrogen they required for growth from ammonium excreted by epifauna. This value was estimated under the assumption that ammonium excreted was instantaneously diluted into the water mass surrounding the entire bed. In nature, the availability of ammonium to the individual host seaweed should be greater owing to hydrological processes that restrict water flow around the plant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Excretory products of mobile epifauna as a nitrogen source for seaweeds

Taylor¹,

Rees²

1998

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Negative responses may arise through abrasion from sediment in the water column or detachment from the substrate (Davis 1986, Peckarsky et al 1990, Oldmeadow et al 2010. Thus, body shape has implications for how aquatic insects use their habitat and the inferences that can be drawn from their occurrence in a stream (Smith andDartnall 1980, Oldmeadow et al 2010). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In lotic environments, body shape affects how aquatic insects cope with complex micro-and mesoscale flow environments (Smith and Dartnall 1980, Statzner and Holm 1982, Statzner 1988. Mediated through other morphological traits, such as body size, body shape interacts with flow forces including turbulence, fluid viscosity (Reynolds numbers), boundary layers, and shear stress (Smith and Dartnall 1980, Statzner and Holm 1982, Statzner 1988, Peckarsky et al 1990, Sagnes et al 2008, Oldmeadow et al 2010). Body shape couples fluid properties with morphological characteristics and may correspond to behavioral responses, including movement patterns and orientation to flow and suspended materials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of water velocity on the size and shape of rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus

et al. 2013

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“…However, as Reynolds numbers increase, the viscous sublayer thins , exposing the bodies of larval Sclerocyphon to a turbulent boundary layer. In these circumstances, Smith and Dartnall (1980) suggest that continued vortex production at the rear of the body is possibly no longer of use in ventilation, but rather may be acting to minimise pressure drag. In these high velocities, a secondary current that forces small amounts of water between the lateral laminae produces a phenomenon known as boundary layer suction.…”

Section: Fine-scale Flows: Behavioural and Morphological Hydrodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the bodies of the larvae of the aquatic beetle genus Sclerocyphon (Coleoptera: Psephenidae) locally modify the thickness of the boundary layer to produce a suite of ecological and energetic benefits. Using dye injection, Smith and Dartnall (1980) found that these unique larvae live in turbulent environments,…”

Section: Fine-scale Flows: Behavioural and Morphological Hydrodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic habitat preferences of the torrential mayfly Epeorus longimanus (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae): the ecological importance of near-bed flows

Hoover¹

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The larval stage of the mayfly Epeorus longimanus (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) is an inhabitant of torrential stream habitats.It possesses several adaptations to high velocity environments, including a flattened body shape, a tilted head shield, and a "sucker-like" arrangement of abdominal gills. In order to relate the behavioural and morphological adaptations of E. longimanus to its habitat requirements, the distribution of this mayfly and a suite of environmental parameterswere measured at a range of spatial scales (i.e. watershed, within-stream, and within-stone scales).Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected at 39 stream sampling sites throughout the lower portion of the Torpy River watershed in eastern British Columbia, in order to (1) The near-bed hydraulic environment of shallow torrential streams was characterised by measuring velocity profiles, near-bed (U 0002 m} and mean (U 0 . 50 ) velocities, and shear stresses (-rw)over the surface of five experimentally deployed and three naturally occurring stones in a highdischarge stream in the Torpy River watershed. The velocity profiles measured above the stones regularly deviated from the "classic" log-normal shape . The profiles were often "wedge-shaped"; velocities were greatest a few millimetres above the bed, and decreased logarithmically below and above this height. Wall shear stresses and near-bed velocities generally increased from the front to the rear of each stone.ii The daytime and night-time distributions of E. /ongimanus were recorded and related to shear stress, periphyton biomass, and substrate characteristics (e.g. stone roughness, topography). During the daytime, larvae preferred areas of the stone surface with high shear stress ; during the night-time , larvae preferred areas of the stone surface with higher elevation and attached boundary layer flows.Periphyton density was significantly related to stone surface roughness and stone surface topography. A stone reversal experiment suggested that hydrodynamic factors , rather than food (periphyton) availability, proximally influence the microdistribution of E. /ongimanus larvae; however, the precise nature of the forces to wh ich they respond remains unknown. E. longimanus larvae were also found to exhibit a strong diurnal migration, generally migrating to the upper surface of streambed stones at night, and retreating to the underside of the stones during the day.This study represents one of the first detailed examination of the relationship between the distribution of microscale hydrodynamic parameters, (e.g. shear stress, near-bed velocity) and benthic organisms at organism-defined spatial scales. The results demonstrate that flu id dynamics are the proximate factor that determines the microdistribution of benthic organisms in torrential stream environments. Additional research is required to investigate the ecological importance of these small-scale hydrodynamic parameters. In order to understand the behaviour and ecology of benthic stream organisms, models of flow in natural s...

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Boundary layer control by water pennies (Coleoptera: Psephenidae)

Cited by 24 publications

References 4 publications

Excretory products of mobile epifauna as a nitrogen source for seaweeds

Excretory products of mobile epifauna as a nitrogen source for seaweeds

Effects of water velocity on the size and shape of rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus

Hydraulic habitat preferences of the torrential mayfly Epeorus longimanus (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae): the ecological importance of near-bed flows

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