Boundary fermions and the plane wave

Mattik, Tako

doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2006/05/045

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 58 publications

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“…The calculation of their normalization constant was given in [20]. Subsequently, the general properties of the type IIB boundary states were analysed in [14,15,20,21,22,23,24] and that of the type IIA boundary states were studied in [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35] . Thus, the existence of the thermal string, on one hand, and of the coherent state representation of D-branes, on the other hand, suggests the existence of a relationship between the thermalized string states and the thermalized D-brane boundary states in the pp-wave background analogous to the one in the flat spacetime [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

THERMAL D-BRANE BOUNDARY STATES FROM TYPE IIB GREEN–SCHWARZ SUPERSTRING IN pp-WAVE BACKGROUND

Vancea

2008

Int. J. Mod. Phys. A

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We construct the thermal boundary states from the type IIB Green-Schwarz superstring in pp-wave background in the light-cone gauge. The superstring is treated in the canonical ensemble and in the TFD formalism which is appropriate to discuss canonically quantized systems. The thermal boundary states are obtained by thermalizing the total boundary states which are the boundary states of the total system that is composed by the superstring modes and the corresponding thermal reservoir modes. That analysis is similar to the one in the flat spacetime case [67]. However, there are some subtleties concerning the construction of the total string which are discussed. Next, we compute the entropy of thermal boundary state which is defined as the expectation value of the superstring entropy operator in the thermal boundary state. * ionvancea@ufrrj.br

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

THERMAL D-BRANE BOUNDARY STATES FROM TYPE IIB GREEN–SCHWARZ SUPERSTRING IN pp-WAVE BACKGROUND

Vancea

2008

Int. J. Mod. Phys. A

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Nanoparticles

2008

Advances in Polymer Chemistry and Methods Reported in Recent US Patents

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Enhanced Order of Block Copolymer Cylinders in Single‐Layer Films Using a Sweeping Solidification Front

et al. 2007

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The use of block copolymer (BCP) thin films as self-assembled templates has become increasingly popular as an economical nanofabrication technique, with new applications and techniques constantly being developed. This bottom-up approach to nanofabrication is extremely versatile; BCP films have been used as sacrificial contact masks for thin-film lithography to produce nanometer-scale periodic patterns in a wide variety of materials, [1][2][3] which have been investigated in the data storage sector for high-density magnetic [4,5] and nano-crystal FLASH memories. [6,7] While the nanoscale domains (spheres, cylinders, etc.) typically organize into grains of micron or smaller size, with no overall orientation, several methods have been developed to direct the domain orientation, or simply increase the grain size, in BCP films. In the first category, epitaxy [8,9] can direct the alignment over large areas, but requires substrates pre-patterned at the nanometer scale; graphoepitaxy [10][11][12] creates needle-like grains very long in one dimension, but at most a few microns wide; electric fields [13] generate alignment parallel to the field direction over squaremicron areas; polarized light can create arbitrary orientation patterns in liquid-crystalline block copolymers with photoalignable side groups; [14,15] and shear can align BCP cylinders [16] and spheres [17,18] over square-centimeter areas, with an orientation specified by the shear direction. In the second category, uniform solvent annealing [19] can increase BCP grain size to a few microns without imposing a preferential direction to the pattern; by creating a moving gradient in solvent concentration, "zone-casting" from solution can produce macroscopically-aligned specimens. [20] Similarly, uniform thermal annealing [21,22] increases the grain size without imposing a preferential direction, but the grain size grows only as the 1 ⁄4 power of annealing time; the effect of a moving temperature gradient on a block copolymer thin film has not been reported previously.Hashimoto et al. [23] showed that sweeping a strong temperature gradient through a bulk specimen of a lamellar BCP, such that the material is heated above its order-disorder transition temperature, can produce strong alignment; as the material cools in the gradient, ordered lamellae grow from the disordered phase, with the lamellar planes aligned normal to the direction of the moving gradient. Though directional solidification has not been reported for neat BCP thin films, directional crystallization of a small-molecule solvent from a BCP solution has been reported by Thomas and co-workers; [24,25] crystallization of the solvent concentrates the BCP and drives it to order, similar to what zone-casting [20] achieves through solvent evaporation. When the solvent is directionally crystallized on a cold substrate, an aligned BCP film is left on the surface of the frozen solvent, but with a defect density higher than obtained with the methods discussed in the preceding paragraph. Our present study demonstr...

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Boundary fermions and the plane wave

Cited by 7 publications

References 58 publications

THERMAL D-BRANE BOUNDARY STATES FROM TYPE IIB GREEN–SCHWARZ SUPERSTRING IN pp-WAVE BACKGROUND

THERMAL D-BRANE BOUNDARY STATES FROM TYPE IIB GREEN–SCHWARZ SUPERSTRING IN pp-WAVE BACKGROUND

Nanoparticles

Enhanced Order of Block Copolymer Cylinders in Single‐Layer Films Using a Sweeping Solidification Front

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