Bound rubber in chlorobutyl compounds: Influence of filler type and storage time

Sridhar, V.; Gupta, B. R.; Tripathy, D. K.

doi:10.1002/app.23031

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Here we would like to add that it has been a matter of challenge and controversy to give a direct support in favor of the existence of a thin rubber layers on the surface of solid particles as far as the concept of bound rubber and related chain dynamics are concerned. In several literatures the dynamics of such relatively rigid glassy like layers are discussed . Nevertheless, in present case the existence of such rubber chains on the silica surface is directly evidenced through detailed morphological investigation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…It is a well known fact that the strong rubber–filler interaction leads to the formation of bound rubber content on the surface of filler which may take place via physorption, chemisorption or mechanical interaction . A bound rubber model was suggested in several reports where tightly and loosely bound rubber, surrounding the filler particles, had been shown to act as an additional crosslink in the rubber matrix . In this study, an effort has been paid to visualise the bound rubber on the surface of the silica particles by detailed morphological investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reinforced chloroprene rubber by in situ generated silica particles: Evidence of bound rubber on the silica surface

Kapgate

Das

et al. 2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Nano silica is generated in situ inside the uncrosslinked chloroprene rubber (CR) by the sol-gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). This results in appreciable improvement in mechanical properties of the CR composites at relatively low filler content. Furthermore, exploitation of reactive organosilanes, g-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (g-APS) in particular, in the silica synthesis process facilitates growing of spherical silica particles with a size distribution in the range of 20-50 nm. The silica particles are found to be uniformly dispersed and they do not suffer from filler-filler interaction. Additionally, it is observed that the silica particles are coated by silane and rubber chains together which are popularly known as bound rubber. The existence of the bound rubber on silica surface has been supported by the detailed investigations with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The interaction between rubber and silica, via bifunctionality of the g-APS, has been explored by detailed FTIR studies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforced chloroprene rubber by in situ generated silica particles: Evidence of bound rubber on the silica surface

Kapgate

Das

et al. 2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The BdR content can be considered as a measure of polymer–filler interactions, which mainly depends upon the surface area and the surface activity of fillers. 20 MWCNT has very high surface that leads to higher level of interactions with polymer matrix. The BdR content of MWCNT-filled rubber is increased with increase in filler loading, which is clearly observed from Table 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of multiwalled carbon nanotube and temperature on dielectric and impedance spectroscopy of chlorobutyl elastomer nanocomposites

Tiwari

Choudhary

Mahapatra

2014

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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Dielectric relaxation characteristics of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-reinforced chlorobutyl (CIIR) nanocomposites have been studied as a function of frequency (100-10 6 Hz) at different filler loadings (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 phr) over a wide range of temperatures (30-120 C). The effect of MWCNT loadings and temperature on the dielectric permittivity (e 0 ), dielectric loss tangent (tan d), complex impedance (Z*) and electrical conductivity (s) was studied. The variation of e 0 with MWCNT loading has been explained based on the interfacial polarization of the fillers within a heterogeneous system. A significant effect of MWCNT loading on the real (Z 0 ) and imaginary (Z 00 ) part of Z* was observed due to the relaxation dynamics of polymer chains at the CIIR-MWCNT interface. The non-linearity of CIIR nanocomposites has been studied from Nyquist plots. The dielectric modulus formalism has been utilized to further investigate the conductivity and relaxation phenomenon. The permittivity and conductivity of the nanocomposites have been analyzed based on scaling theory at increasing temperatures. The frequency dependency and percolation phenomenon in the composites have been discussed in terms of s. The percolation threshold (F crit ) occurred at around 6 phr of MWCNT loading irrespective of temperature. The dispersion of MWCNT in the CIIR Downloaded from matrix and agglomeration of the filler at higher loading have been studied using scanning electron microscopic photomicrographs.

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“…Each sample is weighed by a sensitive balance. The testpieces were immersed in solvents, for different periods of time (15,30, 45 and 60 min), wiped thoroughly and reweighed. It was found that the equilibrium degree of swelling was attained after an immersion time of 24 h. The degree of swelling was calculated according the relation…”

Section: Swelling Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physico-mechanical and dynamic mechanical studies of nanographite reinforced chlorobutyl nanocomposites

Tiwari¹,

Sahoo²,

Mahapatra³

2014

Plastics, Rubber and Composites

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Nanographite reinforced chlorobutyl elastomer (CIIR) nanocomposites were prepared. The dispersion of the nanographite in the CIIR matrix has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of increasing nanographite loadings (2, 4, 6 and 8 phr) on mechanical properties like tensile strength, hardness, elongation at break and modulus (100, 200 and 300%) has been studied. The study shows increase in tensile strength, hardness and modulus and decrease in elongation at break with nanographite loading, which can be attributed towards better CIIR-nanographite interaction. The above explanation was again verified from bound rubber measurements. It shows increase in bound rubber contents with nanographite loading. Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to study their relaxation behaviour as a function of temperature (2100 to 100uC) at frequency 1 Hz and 1% strain. The effect of increasing nanographite loadings on glass transition temperature was marginal in all the composites, and Tg value was in the range of 210 to 10uC, which has been explained on the basis of relaxation dynamics of polymer chains in the vicinity of fillers. The effects of variation in nanographite loading and temperature on dynamic mechanical properties like loss tangent, storage and loss modulus have been reported. The effect of solvent (chloroform, benzene and tri-chloroethylene) on swelling properties at different periods of time (15, 30, 45 and 60 min) shows that the degree of swelling increases with time and decreases with concentration of nanographite loading.

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Bound rubber in chlorobutyl compounds: Influence of filler type and storage time

Cited by 12 publications

References 29 publications

Reinforced chloroprene rubber by in situ generated silica particles: Evidence of bound rubber on the silica surface

Reinforced chloroprene rubber by in situ generated silica particles: Evidence of bound rubber on the silica surface

Effect of multiwalled carbon nanotube and temperature on dielectric and impedance spectroscopy of chlorobutyl elastomer nanocomposites

Physico-mechanical and dynamic mechanical studies of nanographite reinforced chlorobutyl nanocomposites

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