Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Hyperfunctional Lines of the Face

Effect of Botulinum Toxin A on Facial Wrinkle Lines in Koreans

“…Thirdly, chronically repetitive actions of the underlying facial mimetic musculature cause hyperkinetic or dynamic wrinkle lines on the face. Hyperkinetic lines, especially those formed by the corrugator supercilii, frontalis, and the lateral aspects of the orbicularis oculi muscles, result in glabellar frown lines, deep forehead wrinkles, and crow’s feet, respectively [6]. Following various treatments, deeper wrinkles and folds need easier and more effective correction.…”

Detection and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A by a Novel Rapid In Vitro Fluorimetric Assay

“…In spite of this, BoNT/A and -B are widely used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of muscular and nerve disorders, as well as in the treatment of neurological diseases (14,15,28). There is also an increasing use of BoNT/A in esthetics for wrinkle reduction (4). Because of their high toxicity, BoNTs are used at very low concentrations, and procedures to be used for their detection and quantification in toxin preparations for medical applications or in the event of malevolent bioterrorist acts have to be highly sensitive, rapid, and easy to use; the use of all lengthy in vivo assays is excluded (2,11).…”

Lasers and Optical Technologies in Facial Plastic Surgery

“…127,128 Radiofrequency has also been used in corrugator supercilii motor nerve ablation for the elimination of glabellar furrowing, 129 a condition that is commonly treated by surgery 130,131 or by botulinum toxin. 132 Other nonablative resurfacing technologies that have been studied include high-frequency focused ultrasound, 133 which has been used to specifically target and tighten the superficial musculoaponeurotic system in the face 134 or subcutaneous fat, 135 and intense pulsed light, which will be discussed below. Recently, plasma skin regeneration devices have been introduced to achieve resurfacing by selectively heating the dermal layer with plasma energy.…”