Bottom-Up, Wet Chemical Technique for the Continuous Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles

Betke, Annika; Kickelbick, Guido

doi:10.3390/inorganics2010001

Cited by 46 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Wet chemical synthesis is the most popular liquid state method to synthesize nanosize Gd2O3 particles [19][20][21][22][23][24]. In this method, Gd compounds with solid state structure are generated from chemical reactions and the reaction yield is controlled by multiple factors such as the concentration and purity of reactants, pH value, temperature, pressure and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel approach for the preparation of nanosized Gd2O3 structure: The influence of surface force on the morphology of ball milled particles

Leong

Watts

et al. 2016

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspect

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A novel approach for the preparation of nanosized Gd2O3 structure: the influence of surface force on the morphology of ball milled particles, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects http://dx.(Yee-Kwong Leong) 2 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHT  Without surfactants, milled Gd2O3 are rough (submicron) particles of various shapes.  High sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) adsorption on milled grains forms Gd2O3 nanowires.  Low cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) adsorption forms coarser Gd2O3 particles. Surface force arising from surfactants adsorption varies the shape of milled Gd2O3. High SDS adsorbability stabilises the particles via steric and charge balance. ABSTRACTThis work investigates the effect of inter-particle forces arising from adsorbed typical cationic and anionic surfactants on the morphology of ball milled gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3). The experimental outcomes are interpreted in terms of stabilization and interaction mechanisms of fine washed Gd2O3 particles (size diameter <1 µm) in aqueous medium under the variation of surface forces arising of adsorbed surfactant. After ball milling and washing, the point of zero charge or isoelectric point (IEP) of Gd2O3 particles suspension is at pH 11 where its maximum yield stress is observed. Because of hydrophobic interaction, the maximum yield stress increases 3 by 30 times by adsorbed sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and its IEP shifts slightly to a lower pH.By cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), the yield stress also increases by a much smaller extent (3 times) and shifts to a higher pH of ~ 12.5. Without surfactants, the microstructure of dried Gd2O3 displays the coarse particles of various shapes, i.e. rod, spherical and cubic shapes. This indicates that the milled particles remain agglomerated in dispersion. In the presence of adsorbed anionic SDS, the particles are refined together with numerous 2D nanowire or nano-rod particles at pH ~ 8. In contrast, coarser particles with absence of nano-rods are found when cationic CTAB is used to modify the Gd2O3 surface at a pH of about 12.5. The SDS-modified suspension exhibits a much higher yield stress, which results from finer particles in suspension. This is invoked from organic shell formed by the high adsorbability of negatively charged heads of SDS into the bare positive charge density of the particle. The organic SDS shell prevents the fine particles from re-welding during the dispersing and annealing route. This work develops an inexpensive ball-milling approach with assisted SDS surfactant for mass production of nanosized Gd2O3 from bulky gadolinium material.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel approach for the preparation of nanosized Gd2O3 structure: The influence of surface force on the morphology of ball milled particles

Leong

Watts

et al. 2016

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspect

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“…This is done by mixing a solution in a big batch where the nanoparticles nucleate and grow. Due to the complicated nature of mixing large batches, it is often challenging to control the size of the particles by this method [6]. In addition, if semiconductor grade particles are to be synthesized it is difficult to obtain a pure enough liquid media that do not contaminate the particles [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium oxide nanoparticle production using high power pulsed plasmas

Gunnarsson¹

2016

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This thesis covers fundamental aspects of process control when growing titanium oxide nanoparticles in a reactive sputtering process. It covers the influence of oxygen containing gas on the oxidation state of the cathode from which the growth material is ejected, as well as its influence on the particles oxidation state and their nucleation. It was found that a low degree of reactive gases was necessary for nanoparticles of titanium to nucleate. When the oxygen gas was slightly increased, the nanoparticle yield and particle oxygen content increased. A further increase caused a decrease in particle yield which was attributed to a slight oxidation of the cathode. By varying the oxygen flow to the process, it was possible to control the oxygen content of the nanoparticles without fully oxidizing the cathode. Because oxygen containing gases such as residual water vapour has a profound influence on nanoparticle yield and composition, the deposition source was re-engineered to allow for cleaner and thus more stable synthesis conditions. The size of the nanoparticles has been controlled by two means. The first is to change electrical potentials around the growth zone, which allows for nanoparticle size control in the order of 25-75 nm. This size control does not influence the oxygen content of the nanoparticles. The second means of size control investigated was by increasing the pressure. By doing this, the particle size can be increased from 50 -250 nm, however the oxygen content also increases with pressure. Different particle morphologies were found by changing the pressure. At low pressures, mostly spherical particles with weak facets were produced. As the pressure increased, the particles got a cubic shape. At higher pressures the cubic particles started to get a fractured surface. At the highest pressure investigated, the fractured surface became poly-crystalline, giving a cauliflower shaped morphology.

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“…The presence of two nontoxic elements helps to maintain colloidal stability under physiochemical condition in human cell for its wide use in screening at the particular pH, which depends on favorable shape and size retaining the surface morphology intact. The use of ZnBaO 2 nanopowder has become a motivating area for research due to its volume-cost-effective relation with the macroscopic quantum tunnel effect (Trusova et al 2012;Hayashi and Hakata 2010;Cao and Wang 2004;Vollath 2008;Lalena and Cleary 2010;Fan et al 2015;Klabunde and Richards 2012;Muller et al 2007;Betke and Kickelbick 2014;Athar 2008;Kickelbick and Schubert 2002;Prechtl and Campbell 2013;Naumann 2009;Mackenzie and Bescher 2007;Edler 2004;Klein 1988;Talapin 2012;Lee et al 2013;Pang et al 2013;Wang et al 2005;Pilenic 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of nanostructured framework of novel ZnBaO2 nanopowder via wet chemical approach and hepatocytotoxicity response

et al. 2015

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Wet synthetic process is an effective and facile method at low cost, environmentally benign process for easy scaling-up and then used for fabrication of multiutility devices. Self-assembling of nanobrick leads to architecture framework with new functional properties which help to make its vast applications as nanodevices with their intrinsic shape, size and functional properties. The bimetallic oxide nanostructure with phase structure was characterized by FTIR, UV-visible electronic absorption, XRD, thermal studies, SEM, TEM, DLS and fluorescence. Nanocrystalline ZnBaO 2 powder can be used due to its chemical stability and excellent transmission in the visible region. It was observed that the annealing rate plays an important role to redefine the structural and other physicochemical properties which finally help to change gel into crystalline functional properties with porosity. Wet chemical approach can be used for the synthesis of other metal oxide nanopowders which can be easily scale up for production level. Along with synthesis and characterization, we also assessed biological responses of human hepatocytes exposed to ZnBaO 2 nanopowder. Cell membrane permeability and ammonia detoxification were investigated against various concentrations of nanoparticles on in vitro cultured hepatocytes. Our results suggest that low concentrations (\40 lg/ml) of ZnBaO 2 nanopowder have no cytotoxic effect on hepatocytes viability, proliferation and detoxification, whereas concentrations above 40 lg/ml depict significant toxicity on cells.

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Bottom-Up, Wet Chemical Technique for the Continuous Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles

Cited by 46 publications

References 32 publications

A novel approach for the preparation of nanosized Gd2O3 structure: The influence of surface force on the morphology of ball milled particles

A novel approach for the preparation of nanosized Gd2O3 structure: The influence of surface force on the morphology of ball milled particles

Titanium oxide nanoparticle production using high power pulsed plasmas

Synthesis of nanostructured framework of novel ZnBaO2 nanopowder via wet chemical approach and hepatocytotoxicity response

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