Bottom‐up trophic cascades and material transfer in terrestrial food webs

Kagata, Hideki; Ohgushi, Takayuki

doi:10.1007/s11284-005-0124-z

Cited by 78 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(95 reference statements)

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“…For example, Nakamura et al (2005) showed that increased foliage sprouting after a flood increased the abundance of leaf beetles and their natural enemies. It has also been shown that 'bottom-up' cascades can be triggered by allelochemical compounds of plants, but here the cascading effects on natural enemies are reported to be weak or absent (Kagata and Ohgushi 2006; but see Soler et al 2005;Ode 2006). This interruption of cascading effects by allelochemicals can be caused by herbivorous insects that are resistant to the plant's defensive toxins or by herbivores accumulating plant secondary compounds within their own body tissue and using them for their own defense against natural enemies (Barbosa et al 1991;Francis et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In contrast to 'top-down' cascades, most studies on 'bottom-up' cascades show directional responses that are the same for herbivores and their natural enemies, i.e. poor plant quality decreases herbivore population density as well as natural enemy performance and good plant quality enhances herbivore abundance as well as natural enemy performance (Hunter and Price 1992;Nakamura et al 2005;Kagata and Ohgushi 2006). For example, Nakamura et al (2005) showed that increased foliage sprouting after a flood increased the abundance of leaf beetles and their natural enemies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trophic cascades initiated by fungal plant endosymbionts impair reproductive performance of parasitoids in the second generation

2008

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Trophic cascades initiated by fungal plant endosymbionts impair reproductive performance of parasitoids in the second generation Variation in plant quality can transmit up the food chain and may aVect herbivores and their antagonists in the same direction. Fungal endosymbionts of grasses change the resource quality by producing toxins. We used an aphid-parasitoid model system to explore how endophyte eVects cascade up the food chain and inXuence individual parasitoid performance. We show that the presence of an endophyte in the grass Lolium perenne has a much stronger negative impact on the performance of the parasitoid Aphidius ervi than on its aphid host Metopolophium festucae. Although the presence of endophytes did not inXuence the parasitism rate of endophyte-naïve parasitoids or their oVspring's survival to adulthood, most parasitoids developing within aphids from endophyte-infected plants did not reproduce at all. This indicates a delayed but very strong eVect of endophytes on parasitoid performance, which should ultimately aVect plant performance negatively by releasing endophyte-tolerant herbivores from top-down limitations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trophic cascades initiated by fungal plant endosymbionts impair reproductive performance of parasitoids in the second generation

2008

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“…First, resource availability and primary productivity may cascade up food webs (27), leading to a parallel increase in the abundance of intermediate predators and to an increase in the strength of top predator effects. In the exploitation ecosystems hypothesis, Oksanen et al (28) proposed that increasing primary productivity of a system should result in progressive lengthening of food chains and increasing abundance at higher trophic levels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions among predators and the cascading effects of vertebrate insectivores on arthropod communities and plants

Mooney

Gruner

Barber

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

193

251

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Theory on trophic interactions predicts that predators increase plant biomass by feeding on herbivores, an indirect interaction called a trophic cascade. Theory also predicts that predators feeding on predators, or intraguild predation, will weaken trophic cascades. Although past syntheses have confirmed cascading effects of terrestrial arthropod predators, we lack a comprehensive analysis for vertebrate insectivores-which by virtue of their body size and feeding habits are often top predators in these systems-and of how intraguild predation mediates trophic cascade strength. We report here on a meta-analysis of 113 experiments documenting the effects of insectivorous birds, bats, or lizards on predaceous arthropods, herbivorous arthropods, and plants. Although vertebrate insectivores fed as intraguild predators, strongly reducing predaceous arthropods (38%), they nevertheless suppressed herbivores (39%), indirectly reduced plant damage (40%), and increased plant biomass (14%). Furthermore, effects of vertebrate insectivores on predatory and herbivorous arthropods were positively correlated. Effects were strongest on arthropods and plants in communities with abundant predaceous arthropods and strong intraguild predation, but weak in communities depauperate in arthropod predators and intraguild predation. The naturally occurring ratio of arthropod predators relative to herbivores varied tremendously among the studied communities, and the skew to predators increased with site primary productivity and in trees relative to shrubs. Although intraguild predation among arthropod predators has been shown to weaken herbivore suppression, we find this paradigm does not extend to vertebrate insectivores in these communities. Instead, vertebrate intraguild predation is associated with strengthened trophic cascades, and insectivores function as dominant predators in terrestrial plant-arthropod communities.bottom-up and top-down control | intraguild predation | meta-analysis | trophic cascade | vertebrate predator exclusion R esearch demonstrates that predators, by feeding on herbivores, can increase plant biomass via the indirect interaction commonly labeled a trophic cascade (1). In recent years, metaanalyses have quantified trophic cascades separately in terrestrial (2, 3) and aquatic systems (4, 5) and in multiple habitats together to compare the strength of trophic cascades among ecosystem types (6). Although the strengths of trophic cascades vary across ecosystem types, explanations for the significant residual variation within ecosystems remain enigmatic (6-8).Vertebrate insectivores such as birds, bats, and lizards often feed as top predators on terrestrial arthropod communities, but based upon current theory it is unclear whether their effects should cascade down to affect plant biomass. Because of their large body size relative to arthropod prey, vertebrate insectivores can consume both predatory and herbivorous arthropods (9, 10). As a consequence, vertebrate insectivores may feed as so-called intraguild predators ...

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“…Interactions can also work in the other direction, referred to as bottom-up effects. For example, the chemical composition of plant tissue can affect the behaviour of natural enemies directly through chemical cues for finding prey or indirectly through the effects on herbivore populations (Kagata & Ohgushi 2006). While there is increased recognition of the importance of both top-down and bottom-up processes, a conceptual synthesis is lacking due to a paucity of experimental data, failure to utilize pre-existing datasets and a tendency to emphasize one process over the other (Walker & Jones 2001).…”

Section: Understanding Multitrophic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotic interactions, ecological knowledge and agriculture

Shennan

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

179

126

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This paper discusses biotic interactions in agroecosystems and how they may be manipulated to support crop productivity and environmental health by provision of ecosystem services such as weed, pest and disease management, nutrient cycling and biodiversity conservation. Important elements for understanding biotic interactions include consideration of the effects of diversity, species composition and food web structure on ecosystem processes; the impacts of timing, frequency and intensity of disturbance; and the importance of multitrophic interactions. All of these elements need to be considered at multiple scales that depend in part on the range of the movement of the organisms involved. These issues are first discussed in general, followed by an examination of the application of these concepts in agricultural management. The potential for a greater use of ecological management approaches is high; however, owing to the nature of complex interactions in ecosystems, there is some inherent unpredictability about responses to management interventions under different conditions. Such uncertainty needs to be accommodated in the development of recommendations for farm management. This requires an increased emphasis on the effective synthesis of complex and often apparently contradictory information and on field-based adaptive research, monitoring and social learning by farmer/researcher collaborations.

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Bottom‐up trophic cascades and material transfer in terrestrial food webs

Cited by 78 publications

References 87 publications

Trophic cascades initiated by fungal plant endosymbionts impair reproductive performance of parasitoids in the second generation

Trophic cascades initiated by fungal plant endosymbionts impair reproductive performance of parasitoids in the second generation

Interactions among predators and the cascading effects of vertebrate insectivores on arthropod communities and plants

Biotic interactions, ecological knowledge and agriculture

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