Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches for MgO

Singh, Jitendra Pal; Kumar, Manish; Sharma, Aditya; Pandey, Ganesh; Chae, Keun Hwa; Lee, Sangsul

doi:10.5772/intechopen.91182

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 126 publications

(113 reference statements)

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“…There are two well-established approaches involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles, namely, top-down and bottom-up approaches. Generally, top-down methods involve the crushing, breaking, or fractioning of bulk materials into smaller parts to produce nanoparticles through mechanical action [38,39]. Such methods include mechanical crushing, milling, or grinding, laser ablation, sputtering, etching, or electron beam deposition, offering an alternative eco-friendly route despite the required high time and power consumption [40][41][42].…”

Section: Novel Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, bottom-up approaches are based on chemical reactions among specific atoms, ions, or molecules necessary for the formation of nanoparticles. Considering these principles, synthesis routes can be further divided based on the nature of the involved process into physical, that can be associated to the top-down methods, chemical (e.g., co-precipitation, sol-gel, thermal decomposition, emulsion and microemulsion, hydrothermal, and microwave-assisted methods), and biological (which utilize plants or microorganisms for the generation of nanoparticles), the latter two being attributed to bottom-up approaches (Figure 1) [38,39,43,44].…”

Section: Novel Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Approaches in Synthesis and Characterization Methods of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Chircov¹,

Vasile²

2022

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

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Recent years have witnessed an extensive application of iron oxide nanoparticles within a wide variety of fields, including drug delivery, hyperthermia, biosensing, theranostics, and cell and molecular separation. Consequently, synthesis and characterization methods have continuously evolved to provide the possibility for controlling the physico-chemical and biological properties of the nanoparticles to better suit the envisaged applications. In this manner, this chapter aims to provide an extensive overview of the most recent progress made within the processes of iron oxide nanoparticle synthesis and characterization. Thus, the chapter will focus on novel and advanced approaches reported in the literature for obtaining standardized nanoparticles with controllable properties and effects. Specifically, it will emphasize the most recent progress made within the microwave-assisted, microfluidics, and green synthesis methods, as they have shown higher capacities of controlling the outcome nanoparticle properties.

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Section: Novel Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Novel Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Approaches in Synthesis and Characterization Methods of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Chircov¹,

Vasile²

2022

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

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“…Consequently, promising top-down and bottom-up synthesis techniques for the synthesis of functional metal nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed. 1 Top-down techniques, such as milling, sonication, lithography, and gas-phase quenching of heated bulk metal, lack rational control over the size, morphology, and structure of NPs. On the contrary, bottomup approaches, which involve the assembly of atoms, molecules, and clusters to engineer NPs, offer more control over structure and size.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rapid progress in the synthesis of functional nanomaterials (NMs) has paved the way for the development of novel nanostructured materials (NSMs) for a host of applications. Consequently, promising top-down and bottom-up synthesis techniques for the synthesis of functional metal nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed . Top-down techniques, such as milling, sonication, lithography, and gas-phase quenching of heated bulk metal, lack rational control over the size, morphology, and structure of NPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Synthesis of Nonprecious Bimetallic Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-Based Hierarchical Nanocomposites as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Mokhtarnejad

Ribeiro

Mukherjee

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Conversion of designer metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) into hybrid nanocomposites (HNCs) consisting of transition metal/metal oxides interfaced with carbon (C) matrices has emerged as a promising and economical alternative for the synthesis of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts, owing to their superior conductivity and high porosity. To that end, optimizing the performance of this class of material by tailoring its composition, structure, size, and morphology through an efficient synthesis route has become an active area of research. Specifically, this study employs Laser Ablation Synthesis in Solution in tandem with Galvanic Replacement Reaction (LASiS-GRR) technique as an environmentally friendly, facile, and rapid route for the design and synthesis of core−shell bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) heterostructures as bi-MOFs, and then uses pyrolytic postprocessing to yield hierarchical metal oxide/MOF-based functional HNCs as highly active ORR electrocatalysts. The LASiS-GRR technique employs high-energy laser plasma reactions as the ratecontrolling step for initiating solution-phase galvanic reactions. The one-pot, two-step process introduced in this study enables tailoring of the composition, structure, size, and morphology of composite bi-MOFs comprising Co-based MOFs encapsulated in Zn-based porous crystals (Co/ZIF-67@Zn/ZIF-8). Pyrolytic postprocessing of these core−shell bi-MOF crystals leads to the creation of hierarchical ZnO@ZIF/C HNCs with superior ORR electrocatalytic performances under alkaline conditions. Overall, these findings not only elucidate the process by which LASiS-GRR protocols are optimized to tailor the morphology, structure, and composition of complex MOF structures but also demonstrate the superior performance and stability of the ensuing postpyrolyzed ZnO@ZIF/C HNCs as nonprecious metal-based ORR electrocatalysts, when compared to commonly used Pt-and Pt-group metal (PGM)-based electrocatalysts.

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“…On the other hand, the procedure on which "bottom-up" methods are based is the opposite of that of "top-down" methods, i.e., instead of the fragmentation of macroscopic materials, these methods are based on building nanosized objects from smaller ones [5]. By adequately controlling the parameters of both of these approaches, it is possible to obtain objects of nanometric dimensions with the desired properties [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles with a Shell Made from Nanosilver—Synthesis Methodology and Characterization of Physicochemical and Biological Properties

et al. 2022

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The interest in magnetic nanoparticles is constantly growing, which is due to their unique properties, of which the most useful is the possibility of directing their movement via an external magnetic field. Thus, applications may be found for them as carriers in targeted drug delivery. These nanomaterials usually form a core in a core–shell structure, and a shell may be formed via various compounds. Here, nanosilver-shelled iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles were developed. Various reaction media and various Arabic gum (stabilizer) solution concentrations were investigated to verify those that were most beneficial one in limiting their agglomeration as much as possible. The essential oil of lavender was proposed as a component of such a medium; it was used alone or in combination with distilled water as a solvent of the stabilizer. The particle size was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), the chemical structure was characterized via FT-IR spectroscopy, the crystallinity was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the surface morphology and elemental composition were verified via the SEM-EDS technique. Moreover, UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used to verify the presence of the shell made of nanosilver. Importantly, the particles’ pro-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity towards L929 murine fibroblasts were also characterized. It was demonstrated that a 3% stabilizer solution provided a preparation of Fe3O4@Ag particles, but its stabilizing effect was not sufficient, as a suspension with micrometric particles was obtained; thus it was necessary to apply 4 h of sonication for their crushing. Next, the oil/water reaction medium was verified as beneficial in terms of nanoparticle formation. In such reaction conditions, the formation of particle agglomerates was strongly limited, and after 15 min of sonication a suspension containing only nanoparticles was obtained. The presence of a nanosilver shell was confirmed spectrophotometrically via XRD and SEM-EDS techniques. Importantly, the developed nanomaterials showed no cytotoxicity towards murine fibroblasts and no pro-inflammatory activity.

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Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches for MgO

Cited by 16 publications

References 126 publications

New Approaches in Synthesis and Characterization Methods of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

New Approaches in Synthesis and Characterization Methods of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Facile Synthesis of Nonprecious Bimetallic Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-Based Hierarchical Nanocomposites as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles with a Shell Made from Nanosilver—Synthesis Methodology and Characterization of Physicochemical and Biological Properties

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