Both Isocarbohydrate and Hypercarbohydrate Fruit Preloads Curbed Postprandial Glycemic Excursion in Healthy Subjects

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the impact of fruit preloads on the acute postprandial glycemic response (PGR) and satiety response of a rice meal in healthy female subjects based on iso-carbohydrate (IC) and hyper-carbohydrate (HC) contents, respectively. The IC test meals including (1) rice preload (R + 35R), (2) orange preload (O + 35R), (3) apple preload (A + 35R) and (4) pear preload (P + 35R), contained 50.0 g available carbohydrates (AC) where the preload contributed 15.0 g and rice provided 35.0 g. The HC meals included (1) orange preload (O + 50R), (2) apple preload (A+50R) and (3) pear preload (P + 50R), each containing 65.0 g AC, where the fruits contributed 15.0 g and rice provided 50.0 g. Drinking water 30 min before the rice meal was taken as reference (W + 50R). All the preload treatments, irrespective of IC or HC meals, resulted in remarkable reduction (p < 0.001) in terms of incremental peak glucose (IPG) and the maximum amplitude of glycemic excursion in 180 min (MAGE0–180), also a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the area of PGR contributed by per gram of AC (AAC), compared with the W + 50R. Apple elicited the lowest PGR among all test meals, as the A + 35R halved the IPG and slashed the incremental area under the curve in 180 min (iAUC0–180) by 45.7%, while the A + 50R reduced the IPG by 29.7%, compared with the W + 50R. All the preload meals and the reference meal showed comparable self-reported satiety in spite of the difference in AC. In conclusion, pre-meal consumption of three fruits effectively curbed post-meal glycemia even in the case of a 30% extra carbohydrate load.

Timing and Nutrient Type of Isocaloric Snacks Impacted Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses of the Subsequent Meal in Healthy Subjects

“…Snacks are generally recommended to be under 200 kcal for adults [ 23 ]. In this study, 70 kcal was set as the energy intake of the snacks based on our previous study, which found that an apple preload of 70 kcal could remarkably improve the blood glucose stability at the subsequent meal [ 9 ]. In order to eliminate the differences in energy intake between the snack groups and the control group, the lunch energy of the non-snack control was 70 kcal higher than that of the snack groups, but with exactly the same macronutrient composition.…”

“…Fruits and nuts are recommended to be included in the daily diet in many countries [ 24 ], as the consumption of fruit and nuts is proven to be inversely associated with the risk of certain cancers, diabetes, and cardio-metabolic diseases [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. As a glycemic-friendly food, apple is not only a low-GI food, but can also effectively mitigate the postprandial glycemic response when ingested as a preload food [ 9 ]. Moreover, apple is available across seasons and throughout the world.…”

“…According to our previous study, a 70 kcal apple preload could significantly curb the postprandial glycemic excursion of the subsequent hyperglycemic response meal [ 9 ]. Thus, we set the energy counts of all three snacks as 70 kcal ( Table 1 ).…”

“…Snacks can be ingested after meals, right between two meals, or as a preload food at 30 min prior to a meal. Preloading foods rich in protein (such as whey protein, fish, and beef), carbohydrate (such as fruits), or fat (such as olive oil, margarine, and almonds) has been reported to be able to attenuate postprandial blood glucose response [ 9 , 10 , 11 ] in recent years. Eating protein-rich food between or before meals [ 7 , 12 , 13 ] may elicit a second meal effect, and the glycemic benefits of protein snacks may be attributed to delayed gastric emptying, enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin release, and decreased insulin clearance [ 10 ].…”

Dietary Fibre and Organic Acids in Kiwifruit Suppress Glycaemic Response Equally by Delaying Absorption—A Randomised Crossover Human Trial with Parallel Analysis of 13C-Acetate Uptake

“…Secondly, components of kiwifruit, apart from sugars, add to the anti-glycaemic effect [ 6 ]. The combination of kiwifruit sugars and properties of digested kiwifruit remnants in the gut may cause a substantial lowering of glycaemic response to a co-consumed starchy cereal [ 3 ], an effect that has been noted in other fruit [ 7 ].…”