Botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, and authentication of Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae -A traditional medicine: A review

Zhang, Xinxin; Zhan, Guanqun; Jin, Ming; Zhang, Hui; Dang, Jun; Zhang, Yan; Guo, Zengjun; Ito, Yoichiro

doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.020

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…LC-MS Peaks were identified according to actual mass, MS/MS fragments and retention time (RT). First, the m/z value of the molecular ion of interest was searched against a self-build Qinjiao constituent Database, where data was collected from published researches [15,16]. Then, the putative identifications were verified by comparing the MS2 fragmentations.…”

Section: Statistical Analysis and Compound Annotationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated quality evaluation strategy for multi-species resourced herb medicine of Qinjiao by metabolomics analysis and genetic comparation

Yuan

et al. 2020

Chin Med

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Background: Quality evaluation of multi-species resourced herb medicine (MSRHM) is a main problem for quality control of herb medicine. Current quality evaluation methodology lost consideration of species discrepancy. New quality evaluation strategy for MSRHM is in urgent need. Qinjiao, a representative MSRHM, originated from Gentiana macrophylla Pall., Gentiana straminea Maxim., Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk. or Gentiana dahurica Fisch., has been used as an important herb medicine over 2000 years for expelling wind-dampness and relieving impediment pain. However, quality evaluation among species has never been revealed. The current work proposes an integrated quality evaluation strategy for MSRHM of Qinjiao, which may promote innovation of quality control of MSRHM. Methods: In this work, 58 batches of Qinjiao covering 4 species were collected. Genetic comparative analysis based on ITS2 sequence was conducted. Metabolomics analysis based on TOF-MS and NMR spectrum were carried out. Compounds underlying species differences were identified and their discrepancies among species were investigated by ANOVA analysis and multivariate analysis. Results: Four species of Qinjiao can be authenticated by ITS2 sequence comparation. Metabolomics analysis by TOF/ MS and NMR revealed chemical discrepancies among species of Qinjiao. Maximum discrepancy was present between Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk. and Gentiana dahurica Fisch. Chemical difference among species were tentative explored. For TOF-MS profiling, 28 constituents were tentative identified, 17 of which were further confirmed by standards. For 1 H-NMR profiling, signals from 5 compounds were assigned. Contents discrepancies were investigated by ANOVA analysis. It seems that (seco)iridoids like loganic acid, gentiopicroside or swertiamarin were richer in specie of Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk., while flavonoid (morroniside) and triterpenoids (roburic aicd, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, β-sitosterone) were richer in specie of Gentiana dahurica Fisch. The current research demonstrates that metabolite profiling based on both UPLC/Q-TOF MS and 1 H-NMR coupled with ITS2 sequence comparation can be a powerful tool for quality investigation of MSRHM of Qinjiao. Conclusions: A comprehensive quality evaluation strategy for MSRHM was proposed by integrating UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, NMR based metabolic analysis and ITS2 sequence genetic comparation. The proposed quality evaluation strategy shall promote innovation of quality control of traditional Chinese medicine.

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Section: Statistical Analysis and Compound Annotationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated quality evaluation strategy for multi-species resourced herb medicine of Qinjiao by metabolomics analysis and genetic comparation

Yuan

et al. 2020

Chin Med

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“…Until now, more than 500 secondary metabolites have been isolated from approximately 60 species [2]. Those compounds, including iridoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other types of secondary metabolites [2,14,15]. Gentiana species have different therapeutic properties and medicinal functions because of the complicated chemical profiles [2,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those compounds, including iridoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other types of secondary metabolites [2,14,15]. Gentiana species have different therapeutic properties and medicinal functions because of the complicated chemical profiles [2,13,14]. For example, G. lute and G. rigescens could be used as raw materials for the preparation of the therapeutic drug for Alzheimer's disease because of neuritogenic compounds that were isolated from the two species [4,16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although G. straminea and G. scabra are rich in iridoids, chemical composition and traditional uses are different between the two species. G. straminea is used for treating rheumatic arthritis, while G. scabra is used for liver protection [6,14]. G. rhodantha and G. rigescens usually are often confused in traditional medicine markets in southwest China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discrimination of Gentiana and Its Related Species Using IR Spectroscopy Combined with Feature Selection and Stacked Generalization

Shen

Wang

2020

Molecules

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Gentiana, which is one of the largest genera of Gentianoideae, most of which had potential pharmaceutical value, and applied to local traditional medical treatment. Because of the phytochemical diversity and difference of bioactive compounds among species, which makes it crucial to accurately identify authentic Gentiana species. In this paper, the feasibility of using the infrared spectroscopy technique combined with chemometrics analysis to identify Gentiana and its related species was studied. A total of 180 batches of raw spectral fingerprints were obtained from 18 species of Gentiana and Tripterospermum by near-infrared (NIR: 10,000–4000 cm−1) and Fourier transform mid-infrared (MIR: 4000–600 cm−1) spectrum. Firstly, principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to explore the natural grouping of the 180 samples. Secondly, random forests (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and K-nearest neighbors (KNN) models were built while using full spectra (including 1487 NIR variables and 1214 FT-MIR variables, respectively). The MIR-SVM model had a higher classification accuracy rate than the other models that were based on the results of the calibration sets and prediction sets. The five feature selection strategies, VIP (variable importance in the projection), Boruta, GARF (genetic algorithm combined with random forest), GASVM (genetic algorithm combined with support vector machine), and Venn diagram calculation, were used to reduce the dimensions of the data variable in order to further reduce numbers of variables for modeling. Finally, 101 NIR and 73 FT-MIR bands were selected as the feature variables, respectively. Thirdly, stacking models were built based on the optimal spectral dataset. Most of the stacking models performed better than the full spectra-based models. RF and SVM (as base learners), combined with the SVM meta-classifier, was the optimal stacked generalization strategy. For the SG-Ven-MIR-SVM model, the accuracy (ACC) of the calibration set and validation set were both 100%. Sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), efficiency (EFF), Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), and Cohen’s kappa coefficient (K) were all 1, which showed that the model had the optimal authenticity identification performance. Those parameters indicated that stacked generalization combined with feature selection is probably an important technique for improving the classification model predictive accuracy and avoid overfitting. The study result can provide a valuable reference for the safety and effectiveness of the clinical application of medicinal Gentiana.

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“…The root of Gentiana straminea (G. straminea) Maxim. (Gentianaceae) is officially listed as "Qin-Jiao" in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia [4] for the treatment of rheumatic arthritis, icteric hepatitis, constipation, pain, and hypertension [5]. Phytochemical investigations have characterized the plant by the presence of a wide range of compounds, such as iridoids, secoiridoids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, and other types of secondary metabolites [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traceability of Geographical Origin in Gentiana straminea by UPLC-Q Exactive Mass and Multivariate Analyses

et al. 2019

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The root of Gentiana straminea Maxim. (Gentianaceae), is officially listed as “Qin-Jiao” in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of rheumatic arthritis, icteric hepatitis, constipation, pain, and hypertension. To establish the geographical origin traceability in G. straminea, its chemical profiles were determined by a UPLC-Q exactive mass spectrometer, from which 43 compounds were identified by comparing retention times and mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, a pair of isomers (loganin and secologanol) was identified by mass spectrometry based on their fragmentation pathway. A total of 42 samples from difference habitats were determined by an UPLC-Q exactive mass spectrometer and the data were assayed with multivariate statistical analysis. Eight characteristic compounds were identified to determine the geographical origin of the herb. To estimate the key characteristic markers associated with pharmacological function, the inhibiting activities of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages were examined. This finding is crucial in realizing the determination of botanical origin and evaluating the quality of G. straminea.

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Botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control, and authentication of Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae -A traditional medicine: A review

Cited by 47 publications

References 21 publications

Integrated quality evaluation strategy for multi-species resourced herb medicine of Qinjiao by metabolomics analysis and genetic comparation

Integrated quality evaluation strategy for multi-species resourced herb medicine of Qinjiao by metabolomics analysis and genetic comparation

Discrimination of Gentiana and Its Related Species Using IR Spectroscopy Combined with Feature Selection and Stacked Generalization

Traceability of Geographical Origin in Gentiana straminea by UPLC-Q Exactive Mass and Multivariate Analyses

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