“…Conversely, quantum effects of matter fields determine the vacuum expectation value of the Wilson loop. Symmetry breaking by Wilson loops, not only on a torus space [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22] but also on a nonsimply connected lens space [23,24,25,26,27,28], has been considered and used in unified models of gauge theories in higher (more than four) dimensions. Other approaches to the mechanism in string theories in novel ways are found in refs.…”