Boronates as hydrogen peroxide–reactive warheads in the design of detection probes, prodrugs, and nanomedicines used in tumors and other diseases

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) has always been a topic of great interests attributed to its vital role in biological process. H 2 O 2 is known as a major reactive oxygen species (ROS) which involves in numerous physiological processes such as cell proliferation, signal transduction, differentiation, and even pathogenesis. A plenty of diseases development such as chronic disease, in ammatory disease, and organ dysfunction are found to be relevant to abnormality of H 2 O 2 production. Thus, imminent and feasible strategies to modulate and detect H 2 O 2 level in vitro and in vivo have gained great importance.To date, the boronate-based chemical structure probes have been widely used to address the problems from the above aspects because of the rearranged chemical bonding which can detect and quantify ROS including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and peroxynitrite (ONOO − ). This present article discusses boronatebased probes based on the chemical structure difference as well as reactivities to H 2 O 2 and ONOO − . In this review, we also focus on the application of boronate-based probes in the eld of cell imaging, prodrugs nanoplatform, nanomedicines and electrochemical biosensors for disease diagnosis and treatment. In a nutshell, we outline the recent application of boronate-based probes and represent the prospective potentiality in biomedical domain in the future.

The Challenging Treatment of Cisplatin-Resistant Tumors: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

“…Conversely, ROS production is indeed an evident consequence of the increased respiration process, and exaggerated proliferation featuring cancer cells can be usefully exploited as a stimulus for the activation process within tumor tissue. Thus, a ROS-activated platinum (IV) prodrug bearing two boronate-ester-masked N-alkylaminoferrocene ligands has been proposed (Figure 17) [57]. Different studies have revealed that compound 50 can be selectively activated only by ROS, which is to both GSH and ascorbic acid stimuli.…”

Boronic Acids and Beyond: ROS-Responsive Prodrugs as Tools for a Safer and More Effective Cancer Chemotherapy

“…12,24,33 The latter can undergo hydrolysis or can react with glutathione (GSH) present in the cytosol, producing 4hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA) or a GSH-QM adduct, respectively. 34 Because GSH has an important role as an intracellular antioxidant, the GSH-QM adduct formed can deplete intracellular reserves of GSH and weaken the cell's antioxidative abilities. This depletion leads to an elevation of oxidative stress and increased ROS generation, with the consequent death of cancer cells due to their vulnerability to further ROS-associated toxicity.…”

Synthesis of a Multifunctional Glyco-Block Copolymer through Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization and Click Chemistry for Enzyme and Drug Loading into MDA-MB-231 Cells

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