Boron particle size effect on B/KNO3 ignition by a diode laser

Sivan, Jonathan; Haas, Yehuda; Grinstein, Dan; Kochav, Shiri; Yegudayev, Gloria; Kalontarov, L. I.

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.08.003

Cited by 20 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…On the other hand, kinetic aging leads to a decreased combustion rate and increased activation energy upon the formation of products because of side products and impurities. It can induce a reduction in the peak pressure of PMDs despite the constant heat of the reaction 18,19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Aging Mechanism of Boron Potassium Nitrate (BKNO3) for Sustainable Efficiency in Pyrotechnic Mechanical Devices

Lee

Kim

Ryu

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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The aging of propellants in PMDs is considered to be one of the primary factors affecting the performance of PMDs. Thus, studies on the aging mechanism of propellants, which have not yet been addressed extensively, pose a solution to securing the sustainable operation of PMDs. We characterized one of the most commonly used commercial propellants (boron potassium nitrate (BKNO3)) and investigated its aging mechanism rigorously. Based on thermal analyses, we demonstrate that the decomposition of laminac, a polymer binder, is the fastest spontaneous reaction. However, it will not self-initiate at a storage temperature as high as 120 °C. The effect of the humidity level was examined by characterizing BKNO3 samples prepared. The heat of reaction and the reaction rate decreased by 18% and 67% over 16 weeks of aging, respectively. This is attributed to the oxide shells on the surface of boron particles. The formation of oxide shells could be confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy. In conclusion, surface oxide formation with the aging of BKNO3 will decrease its propulsive efficiency; oxidation reduces the potential energy of the system and the resulting oxide decreases the reaction rate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Aging Mechanism of Boron Potassium Nitrate (BKNO3) for Sustainable Efficiency in Pyrotechnic Mechanical Devices

Lee

Kim

Ryu

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…Compared to intramolecular energetic compounds (explosives) with reaction self-sustainability, energetic composite systems release energy through redox reactions between the components. , B/KNO 3 (boron–potassium nitrate, BPN) is a widely used and well-performing energetic composite system, − known for its high flame sensitivity, strong ignition capability, and safety insensitivity. , However, issues such as the formation of oxide layers on the surface of boron powder after long-term storage, , nanoparticle aggregation, , and low degree of multicomponent mixing − limit the further application of BPN. Currently, improvements in BPN composite systems mainly focus on raw material modification and particle size control, − as well as the introduction of high-energy additives. , In the process of BPN preparation, traditional macroscopic control methods, such as intermittent reactors and manual mixing, pose limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of Ultra-Mixed Energetic Composite Systems by Micro Continuous Flow Coupled with Spray Drying Technology

Liu,

Fei,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Improving the quality of mixing between multiple components is expected to enhance the macroscopic performance of the composite energetic materials. To address the limitations associated with intermittent manual techniques in multicomponent mixing, a novel strategy that integrates microfluidic with spray drying technology was proposed to achieve the safe and continuous fabrication of ultramixed energetic composites. B/KNO 3 was utilized as a representative example to validate the applicability of this strategy. This strategy allows for the simultaneous refinement of raw materials and assembly of multicomponent microscale interfaces, enabling a "one-step" synthesis approach. A microscale assembly model for composite components was constructed and applied to describe the microscopic morphology of the composite particles under different conditions. The microscopic morphology of B/KNO 3 was analyzed under different component concentrations, drying temperatures, and gas flow rates to validate the applicability of the model. Based on the TG−DSC results, a qualitative explanation was provided for the relationship between the microstructural configuration of the composite system and its macroscopic thermal performance when the B/KNO 3 ratio is constant. In addition, laser ignition experiments were conducted to evaluate the combustion characteristics of the ultramixed B/KNO 3 . Encouragingly, the quality of interfacial composite materials plays a crucial role in influencing the macroscopic reactivity, as the ultramixed B/KNO 3 exhibits consistent burning rates and high delay accuracy. The proposed micro continuous flow-spray strategy not only offers novel insights into modulating the macroscopic performance of composite energetic materials through enhanced interfacial blending but also provides valuable references for the continuous fabrication of other composite materials. Moreover, this strategy prioritizes intrinsic safety aspects and effectively addresses pertinent concerns associated with the handling and processing of energetic materials.

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“…Keywords: BPN Pyrotechnic composition · Boron · Nanometer-sized particles · Thermochemistry ed that activation temperature decreased slightly with adecrease in particle size, because smaller particles provided greater specific surfacea rea for reaction. In the studyo fS ivan et al [11],t he effect of boron particle size on the combustion characteristics of BPN pyrotechnic mixtures was examined by al aser diode instrument. Samples containing particles of 1 mmd iameter ignited much faster than those having particles with the mean diameter between 30 and 150 mm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of BPN Pyrotechnic Composition Containing Micro‐ and Nanometer‐Sized Boron Particles

Koc

Ulaş

Yilmaz

2015

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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[a] 1Introduction BPN is aw ell-knownp yrotechnic composition for ignition purposes. It has ah igh energy content and long shelf life. BPN containsb oron as fuel,p otassium nitrate as oxidizer, and polyester resina sb inder.H igh energy of the composition is due to boron, which has ah igh gravimetric (59 kJ kg À1 )a nd volumetric energy content (140 kJ cm À3 ) compared with the other fuels [1,2].B ut boron has ignition and combustion difficulty caused by the oxide layer formation (B 2 O 3 )o ni ts outers urface.T he melting point of the oxide layer is lower than the melting point of the core boron particle, whichi s450 8Ca nd 2077 8Ca t1 .013 10 5 Pa, respectively [3].T he oxide shell melts much before the solid core duringp article heating and ad iffusion-controlled process is initiated through the molten shell [4].I n order to increase ignition and combustion ability of boron, alternative solutionss uch as using nanometer-sized boron particles [5] or coating with materials having lower ignition temperature [6,7] were studied by different researchers.Young et al.[5] investigated the combustionc haracteristics of single boronp articles in nanometer size. He compared results with those of micrometer-sized particles studied in the past. Ignition and burning time characteristics of nanometer-sized boron particles were studied in the post flame region of af lat flame burner.T he first-stage and the second-stagec ombustion intervalswere analyzed and compared with the past studies of Yeha nd Kuo [8] performed on micrometer-sizedb oron particles. At lower temperatures, the second-stageb urning time was longer.Adirect linear relation between particle size and burning time for kinetic controlledc ombustion was observed. But the benefit in the first-stage burning time was not as high as expected when the particle sizew as reduced from 2-3 mmt o 200 nanometers range.Yetter et al.[9] reviewedt he classifications of metal combustion on the basis of thermodynamic considerations and different types of combustion regimeso fm etal particles. They thought that nanometer-sized energeticp articles have numerous characteristics thata re attractive for fuels and energeticm aterials. The majority of the highly desirable features of nanometer-sized metalp owders in combustion systemsw ere attributed to the high specific surface area and potential energy-storagea bility of such powders. The combustion rates of materials in nanometer size were found to increases ignificantly compared with those of similar materials in micrometer size.One of the recents tudies conductedb yY ang et al.[10] revealed the effect of particle size and pressure on the reactivity and kinetics of boron oxidation. The results indicat- Abstract:T he effect of micro-and nanometer-sized boron particles on boron-potassium nitrate (BPN) ignition composition was investigated in this paper.A sastartingp oint, thermochemicalc alculations were madet od eterminet he most promisingi gnition compositions. Both stoichiometric and fuel-richf ormulations of BPN were produced t...

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Boron particle size effect on B/KNO3 ignition by a diode laser

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

Study on the Aging Mechanism of Boron Potassium Nitrate (BKNO3) for Sustainable Efficiency in Pyrotechnic Mechanical Devices

Study on the Aging Mechanism of Boron Potassium Nitrate (BKNO3) for Sustainable Efficiency in Pyrotechnic Mechanical Devices

Construction of Ultra-Mixed Energetic Composite Systems by Micro Continuous Flow Coupled with Spray Drying Technology

Characterization of BPN Pyrotechnic Composition Containing Micro‐ and Nanometer‐Sized Boron Particles

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