“…However, this claim has been questioned in several studies (de Bordes, Cox, Hasselman, & Cillessen, 2013;Gredeb€ ack, Astor, & Fawcett, 2018;Szufnarowska et al, THE ORIGINS OF GAZE-FOLLOWING 2014) demonstrating GF following after non-ostensive cues (Szufnarowska et al, 2014), and in the absence of any attempt to communicate or draw infant's attention to the actor shifting gaze (Gredeb€ ack et al, 2018) at the age most relevant to the Natural Pedagogy theory-6 months. Furthermore, the receptivity of infants to the gaze of adults might serve other important functions apart from transmission of knowledge, such as social bonding (Heyes, 2016). Second, several examples indicate that the coordination of attention and the transmission of knowledge can occur without GF, for example, cultural contexts in which infants are held on the laps or backs of caregivers, when infants have to naturally rely on postural cues (Akhtar & Gernsbacher, 2008), and deaf and blind dyads in which caregivers mostly communicate through physical contact (e.g., deaf parents use "tapping" on the infants body as an ostensive cue; Akhtar & Gernsbacher, 2008).…”