Boredom Proneness Predicts Self-Assessed Decision Errors in Sports but Is Unrelated to Risk Taking in General

Abstract

Introduction: Boredom proneness is linked to poor self-regulation, leading to poor decision making and/or increased risk taking. These links have not yet been investigated in the domain of sports and exercise. However, poor decisions or excessive risk behavior would be highly detrimental to sporting performance and, in some cases, even cause physical harm. Here, we address this gap by assessing if boredom proneness is linked to general risk taking, sport-specific risk taking, and to regrets about sports-specific decision errors with respect to acting too risky or too passively. Methods: N = 936 athletes (27.6 ± 9.0 years, 89.6% men): n = 330 Climbers (31.8 ± 10.7 years, 82.4% men), n = 83 Snowboarders (29.9 ± 8.3 years, 79.5% men), and n = 523 Esports athletes (24.6 ± 6.3 years, 95.8% men) completed the Short Boredom Proneness Scale (SBPS), along with measures for objective risk taking (Balloon Analogue Risk Task; BART), subjective risk taking (general willingness to take risks), as well as assessments for sport-specific risk taking and regrets for sports-specific decision errors (taking too many risks, failing to act at all). In the two extreme sports samples (i.e., climbers and snowboarders), we additionally assessed self-selected outcome certainty in a hypothetical sports-specific scenario where an error would result in physical harm. Results: A series of multiple regression analyses revealed that boredom proneness was unrelated to objective and subjective general risk taking, but a significant predictor of sport-specific risk taking and higher risk taking in the sports scenario (climbers and snowboarders only). Most importantly, boredom proneness predicted regrets for taking too many risks and being too passive. Exploratory post-hoc analyses further indicated that boredom proneness in extreme sports athletes was lower than in esports athletes. Higher boredom proneness was significantly related to lower skill levels across all kinds of sport. Discussion: Across three athlete samples, boredom proneness was unrelated to general risk taking but significantly related to poorer decision making, as indicated by regrets about acting too risky and too passively, as well as demanding a significantly lower safety threshold to make a risky sports-specific choice. While at odds with the often-reported link between boredom proneness and risk taking, these results are consistent with the conceptualization of boredom proneness as a maladaptive self-regulatory disposition that leads to noisy decision making in sports. In addition, we provide preliminary evidence that boredom proneness covaries with self-selection into specific types of sports and might also stand in the way of skill acquisition in sports.

Life is either a daring adventure, or it is boring: The impact of COVID‐19 on immoral and nonmoral risk taking behaviors

“…Indeed, research confirms that boredom can increase both immoral and nonmoral risk taking behaviors (Crosetto & Filippin, 2013; Harrison et al, 2009; but see Yakobi & Danckert, 2021, Wolff et al, 2022, for a different view). On the one hand, a burgeoning body of research has shown that people who are more prone to boredom manifest a greater tendency to engage in nonmoral risk taking (Bench et al, 2021).…”

“…Since impulsivity is found to be among the most important personality drivers for risktaking behavior (Baltruschat et al, 2020), we would expect that the specific expressions of impulsive aggression in general that boredom fosters can increase risk taking. Indeed, research confirms that boredom can increase both immoral and nonmoral risk taking behaviors (Crosetto & Filippin, 2013;Harrison et al, 2009; but see Yakobi & Danckert, 2021, Wolff et al, 2022. On the one hand, a burgeoning body of research has shown that people who are more prone to boredom manifest a greater tendency to engage in nonmoral risk taking (Bench et al, 2021).…”

Bored of sports? Investigating the interactive role of engagement and value as predictors of boredom in athletic training.

“…Despite boredom being low in athletes (mean of 1.50 for sports boredom rated on 5-point Likert scales; see also, e.g., Hirsch et al, 2021), the experience of boredom is an aversive one (Martarelli, Wolff, et al, 2021), and it has been shown to undermine performance (Velasco & Jorda, 2020). For instance, boredom proneness has been associated with poor decision-making among athletes and could hamper their skill acquisition (Wolff, Bieleke, & Keller, 2022). One possibility for reducing boredom could be to foreground the value of training for a sporting competition (Green-Demers et al, 1998).…”

Boredom in Sports and Exercise

“…Lastly, we are aware of two studies that have investigated differences in boredom proneness in samples of competitive athletes. In one study, extreme sport athletes (snowboarders, climbers) displayed lower boredom proneness than e-sport athletes 85 . In the second study, ultra-endurance runners scored lower on a measure of sport-specific trait boredom than less extreme runners 83 .…”

“…To our knowledge, only one study investigated the mechanisms by which boredom might affect sports performance 85 . Athletes who were boredom prone reported more decision failures in their sport.…”