Bordeaux-oil emulsion /

Winston, John R.; Bowman, John J.; Yothers, W. W.

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.109049

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(1 reference statement)

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“…We had expected Pb and Cd to be more toxic to AMF than Cu because they occur at similar or greater concentrations than the essential micronutrient Cu (Ding et al 2014), but have no known biological function in most organisms. However, longtime use of Cu as an agricultural fungicide (Winston et al 1923) and recent work showing high Cu sensitivity of soil fungi (Klimek and Niklińska 2007) could help explain why Cu is one of the dominant toxins to fungi in the Palmerton site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization has little consequence for plant heavy metal uptake in contaminated field soils

Dietterich

Gonneau

Casper

2017

Ecological Applications

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The factors affecting plant uptake of heavy metals from metalliferous soils are deeply important to the remediation of polluted areas. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), soil-dwelling fungi that engage in an intimate exchange of nutrients with plant roots, are thought to be involved in plant metal uptake as well. Here, we used a novel field-based approach to investigate the effects of AMF on plant metal uptake from soils in Palmerton, PA, USA contaminated with heavy metals from a nearby zinc smelter. Previous studies often focus on one or two plant species or metals, tend to use highly artificial growing conditions and metal applications, and rarely consider metals’ effects on plants and AMF together. In contrast, we examined both direct and AMF-mediated effects of soil concentrations on plant concentrations of 8–13 metals in five wild plant species sampled across a field site with continuous variation in Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu contamination. Plant and soil metal concentration profiles were closely matched despite high variability in soil metal concentrations even at small spatial scales. However, we observed few effects of soil metals on AMF colonization, and no effects of AMF colonization on plant metal uptake. Manipulating soil chemistry or plant community composition directly may control landscape-level plant metal uptake more effectively than altering AMF communities. Plant species identities may serve as highly local indicators of soil chemical characteristics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization has little consequence for plant heavy metal uptake in contaminated field soils

Dietterich

Gonneau

Casper

2017

Ecological Applications

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“…Some studies have demonstrated adverse impacts on beneficial mite species (Buschkovskaya, 1974; Childers et al ., 2001), although other studies have found no negative effects (Reis et al ., 1999). In citrus, copper fungicide applications have been associated with outbreaks of the citrus red mites, Panonychus citri (Tetranychidae) (Kim et al ., 1978), and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Eriophyidae) (Winston et al ., 1923). This effect has been attributed to chemical interactions between copper and miticides such as zineb that reduce their effectiveness (Griffiths and Fisher, 1949; Johnson, 1960).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-lethal effects of a copper sulfate fungicide on development and reproduction in three coccinellid species

Michaud¹,

Angela²

2003

Journal of Insect Science

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Copper-based fungicides reliably control various foliar diseases in citrus production, although they are suspected to exacerbate mite problems through various mechanisms. Studies have shown negative effects of various copper formulations on entomopathogenic fungi, nematodes, and parasitoids, but few have sought to measure its impact on the biology of predatory insects. We exposed the larvae of three species of ladybeetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to field rates of copper sulfate in combination with petroleum oil, a formulation commonly applied in Florida citrus. First instar larvae of Curinus coeruleus Mulsant, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, and Olla v-nigrum Mulsant received a 24 h exposure to residues on Petri dishes, and another 24 h exposure in the third instar. Treated larvae of all three species survived to adulthood at the same rate as control larvae, but larvae of O. v-nigrum experienced a significant increase in developmental time. Female adults of C. coeruleus and H. axyridis receiving copper sulfate exposures as larvae did not differ from control adults in pre-reproductive period, fecundity or fertility over ten days of reproduction. Treated O. v-nigrum females had significantly longer pre-reproductive periods than control females and laid significantly fewer eggs, although egg fertility was equivalent. We conclude that copper-sulfate fungicides are unlikely to disrupt biological control processes in citrus groves that are mediated by these coccinellid beetles.

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“…In five such tests, when a.pplication ended at the runoff stage, bordeaux [VOL. 14,No.9 with 3 per cent of oil emulsion increased deposits by 37 per cent, whereas the increase required for statistical significance at 99:1 odds was 21 per cent. In similar tests, when application was continued to the drip stage, oil-bordeaux increased deposits 26 per cent, whereas the increase required for significance at 99 :1 odds was 20 per cent.…”

Section: Effect Of Petroleum-oil Emulsion On the Amount Of Bordeaux Dmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…[VOL. 14,No.9 After 2.73 inches of rain had fallen, analyses (January 6) revealed marked differences in rate of copper loss from trees receiving the various treatments. Apparently neither of the two types of oil (emulsion A and emulsion B) when used at the rate of 1 per cent influenced the tenacity of bordeaux.…”

Section: Hizgardiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of certain added materials on bordeaux mixture in the control of peach blight and leaf curl

Wilson¹

1942

Hilg

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Experiment Station. S Italic numbers in parentheses refer to "Literature Cited" at the end of this paper. 'T"he literature is not unanimous regarding designation of the qualities that determine the efficacy of insecticides and fungicides. Thus the amount of spray per unit of surface remaining after application, is called "initial spray deposit" (16), "deposition" (8), "initial adhesiveness" (9), and "retention" (fB); the distribution of the material over the surface is "coverage" (3) ; and the resistance to weathering is "adherence" (10) or "tenacity" (2). Horsfall, Heuberger, Sharvelle, and Hamilton (8) designate as "fungicidal value" that ability of the material to prevent spore germination; but the present writer prefers "toxicity" or "toxicological value." [491 ] 492 Hilgardia [VOL.14, No.9 EFFECT OF PETROLEUM OIL, COTTONSEED OIL, AND BENTONITE ON TENACITY OF BORDEAUX Each spray treatment was given in the autumn to four randomized plots, each containing four Paloro peach trees of fairly uniform size. The treatments were bordeaux mixture (10-10-100) to which had been added different amounts of petroleum-oil emulsion, tank-mix petroleum oil, cottonseed oil, or bentonite. Emulsion A was a flowable-type emulsion containing 80 per cent, by weight, of a petroleum oil of 102 seconds Saybolt viscosity and 70 per cent unsulfonated residue. Tank-mix oil was a. petroleum oil similar to that in emulsion A emulsified with blood albumin just before it was added to the spray tank. Emulsion B was a paste-type emulsion containing 82 per cent, by weight, of a petroleum oil of 96 seconds viscosity and 94 per cent unsulfonated residue. The cottonseed oil was a commercial grade. The bentonite was a natural product containing some magnesium oxide. As soon as the spray dried, 200-to 250-gram samples of twigs produced during the past summer were collected and weighed. The twigs were then cut into convenient lengths, placed in glass jars, and shaken for 10 minutes with 500 co of nitric acid water (20 cc nitric acid, of 1.42 sp. gr., per liter). The wash water was filtered and tested for copper by the sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate method" that Callan and Henderson (1) described. Other collections were made after several inches of rain had fallen (December or January) and a.gain just before the buds swelled in the spring (February). The amounts of copper on these samples were the basis for determining the weather resistance or tenacity of the bordeaux. Experiments of 1936-37.-Sprays were applied November 20,1936, well before the first major wave of twig infection by Coryneum which was initiated during rains falling between December 20 and 28. The season was marked by recurrent attacks of the disease during January, February, and March-particularly severe being a wave initiated in early March. According to the November 20 analyses (table 1), considerable variability existed in the initial amount of copper deposited by the various treatments. These data, together with those secured in other years, will be discussed later.

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Bordeaux-oil emulsion /

Cited by 5 publications

References 1 publication

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization has little consequence for plant heavy metal uptake in contaminated field soils

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization has little consequence for plant heavy metal uptake in contaminated field soils

Sub-lethal effects of a copper sulfate fungicide on development and reproduction in three coccinellid species

The effect of certain added materials on bordeaux mixture in the control of peach blight and leaf curl

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